ATI - Caloric Intake & energy expenditure

Functions to convert nutrients into energy. Major food sources include whole grains, pork, seeds, and trout.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Aids in energy production and fat metabolism. Major food sources include yogurt, milk, organ meats, and almonds.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Daily caloric requirements for 2-year-olds

$$1{,}000\,\text{calories}$$

Daily caloric requirements for children aged 3 to 5 years

Sedentary: $1{,}200\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $1{,}400$ to $1{,}600\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for males aged 6 to 8 years

Sedentary: $1{,}400\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $1{,}600$ to $2{,}000\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for females aged 6 to 8 years

Sedentary: $1{,}200$ to $1{,}400\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $1{,}400$ to $1{,}800\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for males aged 9 to 12 years

Sedentary: $1{,}600$ to $1{,}800\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $1{,}800$ to $2{,}400\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for females aged 9 to 12 years

Sedentary: $1{,}400$ to $1{,}600\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $1{,}600$ to $2{,}200\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for males aged 13 to 18 years

Sedentary: $2{,}000$ to $2{,}400\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $2{,}200$ to $3{,}200\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for females aged 13 to 18 years

Sedentary: $1{,}600$ to $1{,}800\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $2{,}000$ to $2{,}400\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for males aged 19 to 20 years

Sedentary: $1{,}600\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $2{,}800$ to $3{,}000\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for females aged 19 to 20 years

Sedentary: $2{,}000\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $2{,}200$ to $2{,}400\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for males aged 21 to 40 years

Sedentary: $2{,}400\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $2{,}600$ to $3{,}000\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for females aged 21 to 40 years

Sedentary: $1{,}800$ to $2{,}000\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $2{,}000$ to $2{,}400\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for males aged 41 to 60 years

Sedentary: $2{,}200\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $2{,}400$ to $2{,}600\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for females aged 41 to 60 years

Sedentary: $1{,}600$ to $1{,}800\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $1{,}800$ to $2{,}200\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for males aged 60 years and older

Sedentary: $2{,}000\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $2{,}200$ to $2{,}600\,\text{calories}$

Daily caloric requirements for females aged 60 years and older

Sedentary: $1{,}600\,\text{calories}$ | Active: $1{,}800$ to $2{,}000\,\text{calories}$

Converts nutrients to energy. Major food sources include whole grains, pork, seeds, and trout. (water soluble)

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Aids energy production and fat metabolism. Major food sources include yogurt, milk, organ meats, and almonds. (water soluble)

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Helps produce energy from food. Major food sources include meat, fish, nuts, grains, and legumes. (water soluble)

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Involved in fatty acid synthesis. Major food sources include mushrooms, tuna, avocado, and chicken. (water soluble)

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)

Helps the body release sugar for energy and supports immune function. Major food sources include organ meats, salmon, tuna, and potatoes. (water soluble)

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and protein. Major food sources include organ meats, eggs, salmon, and sunflower seeds. (water soluble)

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Necessary for proper cell division. Major food sources include leafy green vegetables, orange juice, eggs, beans, and avocado. (water soluble)

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Aids red blood cell formation, as well as proper nervous system and brain function. Major food sources include clams, beef, salmon, milk, and yogurt. (water soluble)

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Promotes iron absorption, wound healing, bone formation, and immune function. Major food sources include Brussels sprouts, citrus fruits, spinach, berries, tomatoes, and potatoes. (water soluble)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Promotes bone formation, vision, tooth formation, immune function, and cellular function. Major food sources include fish liver oil, beef liver, dairy products, green leafy vegetables, and sweet potatoes. (fat soluble)

Vitamin A

Supports bone and teeth development, along with absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Major sources include fish oil, milk, eggs, dairy products, and sunlight. (fat soluble)

Vitamin D

Helps fight infection and supports healthy red blood cells. Major food sources include almonds, wheat germ, sunflower seeds, and spinach. (fat soluble)

Vitamin E

Essential for blood clotting and bone health. Major food sources include spinach, liver, butter, kale, and parsley. (fat soluble)

Vitamin K

List of fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K

List of water-soluble vitamins

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine),
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin),
Vitamin B3 (Niacin),
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid),
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine),
Vitamin B7 (Biotin),
Vitamin B9 (Folate),
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin),
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

(ALL B VITAMINS + C)

Noncarbon, inorganic nutrients that promote health and support optimal functioning of the body.

minerals

The body needs some minerals in larger amounts (macrominerals) and others in smaller amounts (trace minerals).

what are the primary minerals needed by the body are

calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc

List of macrominerals

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, and Sulfur

Supports proper function and structure of teeth and bones, muscle function, and blood pressure regulation. Major food sources include milk, milk products, broccoli, leafy greens, and legumes. (macromineral)

Calcium

Supports healthy bones and teeth and assists with acid-base balance. Major food sources include eggs, fish, poultry, and milk. (macromineral)

Phosphorus

Supports muscle contraction, immune system health, and nerve transmission. Major food sources include legumes, green vegetables, and seafood. (macromineral)

Magnesium

Supports fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. Major food sources include salt, soy sauce, processed foods, and meats. (macromineral)

Sodium

Supports fluid balance and stomach acid production. Major food sources include salt, meats, soy sauce, and processed foods. (macromineral)

Chloride

Supports fluid balance, muscle function, and nerve transmission. Major food sources include bananas, fruit, legumes, and whole grains. (macromineral)

Potassium

Located in protein molecules. Major food sources include eggs, meat, fish, and legumes. (macromineral)

Sulfur

List of trace minerals

Iron, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Iodine, Fluoride, and Selenium

Vital to the transport of oxygen throughout the body. Major food sources include organ meats, red meats, leafy green vegetables, and iron-fortified foods. (trace mineral)

Iron

Part of several enzymes. Major food sources include nuts, some fish, brown rice, avocado, spinach, and bananas. (trace mineral)

Magnesium

Involved in iron metabolism. Major food sources include legumes, whole grains, organ meats, and water. (trace mineral)

Copper

Supports normal growth, wound healing, and immune function. Major food sources include meats, fish, whole grains, and vegetables. (trace mineral)

Zinc

Supports thyroid regulation. Major food sources include seafood, iodized salt, and dairy products. (trace mineral)

Iodine

Supports bone and teeth development. Major sources include fluorinated water, and foods and beverages prepared with fluorinated water. (trace mineral)

Fluoride

Provides defense against oxidative damage. Major food sources include grains, meats, and seafood. (trace mineral)

Selenium

An essential nutrient that makes up more than half of the body weight and is required by systems in the body to function properly.

Water

Primary functions of water in the human body

Promotes brain function, hydrates and flushes out wastes, regulates body temperature, and acts as a lubricant.

Besides drinking water, major dietary sources of water intake

Fruits and vegetables

Recommended daily total water intake for females according to the National Academy of Sciences

$2.7\,\text{L}$ to $3\,\text{L}$

Recommended daily total water intake for males according to the National Academy of Sciences

$3.5\,\text{L}$ to $3.7\,\text{L}$

The number of calories a food contains related to its volume or weight.

calorie density

Foods that allow a person to consume a larger volume for fewer calories while feeling full (e.g., fruits and vegetables)

Low-calorie-dense foods

Foods that deliver a higher number of calories in a smaller or equal portion size (e.g., French fries)

High-calorie-dense foods

Primary dietary benefits of consuming low-calorie-dense foods

Promotes a nutrient-rich diet and aids in weight loss or maintenance

Key components covered on nutritional labels

Serving size, calories, a breakdown of nutrients, and percent daily values

Type of cholesterol commonly referred to as "bad cholesterol"

LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)

Type of cholesterol commonly referred to as "good cholesterol"

HDL (High-density lipoprotein)

Effect of trans fats on LDL cholesterol levels

Raises LDL cholesterol levels in the blood

Effect of trans fats on HDL cholesterol levels

Lowers HDL cholesterol levels in the blood

Total sugars

Sugars that occur naturally in foods

Added sugars

Sugars added to food that are not naturally occurring

Recommended daily fiber intake for females aged 19 to 30 years

$$28\,g/day$$

Recommended daily fiber intake for females aged 31 to 50 years

$$25\,g/day$$

Recommended daily fiber intake for females aged 51 years and older

$$22\,g/day$$

Recommended daily fiber intake for males aged 19 to 30 years

$$34\,g/day$$

Recommended daily fiber intake for males aged 31 to 50 years

$$31\,g/day$$

Recommended daily fiber intake for males aged 51 years and older

$$28\,g/day$$

Nutrients that should be consumed daily to decrease the risk of anemia, osteoporosis, and hypertension

Calcium, iron, potassium, and vitamins

Net carbohydrates (net carbs)

The total carbohydrates in a food product minus fiber and sugar alcohols.

Formula used to calculate net carbohydrates

$$\text{Net Carbs} = \text{Total Carbohydrates} - \text{Fiber} - \text{Sugar Alcohols}$$

Reason fiber and sugar alcohols are subtracted when calculating net carbohydrates

They essentially cancel out carbohydrates because they are not digested or absorbed in the same manner as other carbohydrates.

Carbohydrate metric used to calculate total daily carbohydrate intake

Net carbohydrates

Organ that removes toxins from the blood and produces bile to break down fats

Liver

Organ that stores bile and releases it when needed by the body

Gallbladder

Organ that aids in sugar metabolism by producing insulin

Pancreas

Part of the digestive system where food is broken down and the majority of nutrients are absorbed

Small intestine

Organ responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from remaining food particles and forming feces

Large intestine

Storage area for feces located at the end of the large intestine

Rectum

External opening of the rectum where feces is eliminated from the body

Anus

Primary overall function of the human digestive system

Breaks down food into simple substances that are either converted into energy or eliminated as waste.

Energy stored in food that the body requires to support physiological functions and physical activities

Calories

USDA recommended daily intake of fruit for adults

$$2\,\text{cups}$$

USDA recommended daily intake of vegetables for adults

$$2\frac{1}{2}\,\text{cups}$$

USDA recommended daily intake of grains for adults

$$6\,\text{oz}$$

USDA recommended daily intake of protein for adults

$$5\frac{1}{2}\,\text{oz}$$

USDA recommended daily intake of dairy products for adults

$$3\,\text{cups}$$

Recommended weekly rate of weight loss for a safe weight-loss plan

$1$ to $2\,\text{lb/week}$

Percentage of total body weight loss that can significantly improve blood pressure, blood glucose, and cholesterol levels

$5\%$ to $10\%$

Three factors upon which an individual's nutrient requirements are based

Gender, age, and activity level

Macronutrients

Building blocks of a diet required in large amounts, including carbohydrates, fat, and protein.

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals consumed in small amounts required for optimal growth, development, and body function.

Major building block of the body providing amino acids required for structure, tissue repair, and modulation of physiological processes

Protein

Simplest structural building blocks of proteins

Amino acids

Range of daily protein requirement per person

$2$ to $6\frac{1}{2}\,\text{oz}$