ch 8 energy

energy

capacity for performing work, exists in various physical forms - expressed in joules or calories

law of energy

neither created nor destroyed, transformed from one form to another without being used up

high energy phosphates

atp, cp

carb energy substrates

muscle glycogen, blood glucose, liver glycogen

fat energy substrates

intramuscular triglycerides, blood borne triglycerides and fatty acids, stored triglycerides in adipose tissue

protein energy substrates

circulating amino acids, muscle proteins

kinetic energy into potential

energy that the body possess due to its motion

potential energy into kinetic

energy that the body possesses due to its position

oxidation

loss of an electron or hydrogen from a molecule

reduction

The gain of an electron or hydrogen atom by a

molecule

coupled reactions

Interconnected processes where one molecule donates electrons and another accepts them

hydrogen pathways

Cells transfer pairs of hydrogen atoms containing both protons and electrons

oxygen function

A fital electron acceptor used by cells to produce usable energy.

NAD and NADH

Coenzymes derived from niacin (Vitamin B3) that shuttle electrons.

FAD and FADH

Coenzymes derived from riboflavin (Vitamin

B2) that shuttle electrons.

Reaction Chain

Molecules that sequentially pass electrons along

to drive the electron transport chain

3 energy pathways

1. Phosphocreatine (PC)/ATP-PC Pathway

2. Glycolysis Pathway

3. Oxidative Formation/Cellular Respiration

glycolysis investment

glucose priming: 2 atp

glycogen priming: 1 atp

glycolysis energy generation

2 atp glucose, 3 for glycogen

aerobic atp production

occurs entirely inside mitochondria, involves Krebs cycle

b3

Essential precursor required for the synthesis

of NAD⁺

b2

Essential precursor required for the synthesis

of FAD.

proton gradient mechanism

Complexes pump protons (H⁺) into the inner membrane space, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthase to combine ADP and Pᵢ.