Week 4: Evidence-Based Practice & Person-Centred Therapy

The APA defines EBP as the integration of the ______________, ______________, and ______________.

best available research; clinician expertise; patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

In the APA definition of EBP, what does "best available research" refer to?

The scientific evidence behind psychological interventions.

In the APA definition of EBP, what does "clinical expertise" refer to?

The clinician's competence in delivering interventions.

In the APA definition of EBP, what is meant by "patient characteristics, culture, and preferences"?

Features that distinguish individual patients.

EBP Research draws mainly on ______________ populations, meaning theory, evidence, and guidance reflect Western knowledge.

WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialised, rich, democratic).

Why might the fact that EBP interventions validated on WEIRD samples be problematic for other populations?

They may fit poorly elsewhere because they reflect Western knowledge and contexts.

What happens when "evidence-based" is treated as absolute proof of effectiveness?

Clinicians pay little attention to monitoring individual outcomes or explaining interventions to clients.

In EBP people with ______________ are rarely involved in developing or delivering interventions.

Lived experience.

What three factors get too little consideration in current evidence-based practice?

Client factors, social context, and clinical expertise.

How many perspectives does the APS statement use for evidence-informed decision-making, and what are they?

Two equally valued perspectives: Evidence-based practice (EBP) and Practice-based evidence (PBE).

According to the APS, what does Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) prioritize?

Using the best available research evidence to guide intervention choices, prioritizing internal validity.

According to the APS, what does Practice-Based Evidence (PBE) involve?

Systematically learning from real-world practice by tracking outcomes, adapting to context, and valuing local, cultural, and clinical knowledge.

What types of factors does Practice-Based Evidence (PBE) take more account of?

Environmental, community, social, and cultural factors that shape how people perceive and evaluate information.

How are clients positioned in PBE?

Actively involved in decisions about their own treatment.

______________ is widely recommended for all research programs.

Lived experience.

Why is PBE specifically recommended for research with Indigenous Australians and minorities?

Because these groups can be sidelined by dominant psychological perspectives and practices.

What type of therapeutic approach is Person-Centred Counselling?

A Humanistic approach.

The early question in therapy was: "How can I treat, cure, or ______________ this person?"

Change.

The mature question in therapy is: "How can I provide a ______________ which this person may use for his own personal growth?"

Relationship.

Humanism emerged in the 1950s and was a reaction to what?

Psychoanalysis and Behaviourism.

In the psychoanalytic view, what was man considered to be a product of?

His conflicted psyche.

What did psychoanalysis emphasize the expression of?

Sexual and aggressive impulses.

What did both psychoanalysis and behaviourism believe regarding free will (determinism)?

They held notions of determinism (the belief that there is no choice as to what you will become).

What was the behaviourist view on what is worthwhile?

Only that which is observable is worthwhile.

What was PCT originally called in the 1940s?

Non-Directive Counselling.

What was the therapist's stance regarding expertise in the 1940s?

The therapist doesn't know best; they provide a permissive, accepting climate.

What specific clinical techniques were questioned/omitted in the 1940s?

Diagnoses were omitted, and the use of advice, teaching, and interpretation were questioned.

What was the therapist's primary action in the 1940s?

Just reflecting and clarifying the client's verbal and non-verbal communications.

In the 1950s, the name changed to ______________ therapy.

Client-Centred.

What is the best way to understand a client's behavior according to 1950s PCT?

Through the client’s internal frame of reference.

What is the basic motivational force leading to change? (1950s PCT)

The actualising tendency

What were the key characteristics of the fully functioning person developed in the 1960s?

Openness to experience, trust in one's experience, an internal locus of evaluation, and a willingness to be 'in process'.

Where was PCT applied beyond therapy during the 1970s and 80s?

Conflict resolution, leadership, health care, cross-cultural contexts, international relations, politics, and the search for world peace.

According to PCT people are basically trustworthy and have what?

Vast potential for understanding and resolving their problems.

What is the formative tendency?

The drive all life forms have to evolve into more complex forms.

What is the "self-actualising tendency"?

The innate drive to realize our full potential and strive for personal growth.

Mental illness results from a distortion in ______________.

self-actualisation

According to Rogers, what should a therapist create for a troubled person?

A safe and freeing relationship.

How to create a safe and freeing relationship for client?

• understand clients inner world as they see it.

• accept client as they are

• Create atmosphere of freedom; move thinking, feeling & being in any direction they desire 

Person uses this atmosphere of safety and freedom to become what?

more & more themselves 

______________ is the innate ability to evaluate experiences based on whether they enhance or diminish overall well-being and growth (e.g., finding food when hungry).

Organismic Value.

What are "Conditions of Worth"?

Societal or parental messages that we are only valuable if we act a certain way (e.g., "Big boys don't cry").

______________ is the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs a person holds about who they are.

Self-Concept.

What causes Incongruence?

A discrepancy between the client's organismic experience and their self-concept.

How does incongruence develop, and what are its consequences?

To maintain love and acceptance, a person builds a "self-concept" that mimics external demands, burying their organismic self. This leads to disconnection, distress, anxiety, and feeling like they are living an inauthentic life.

______________ to self occurs when the self-concept and organismic experiences align.

Congruence

Meaning of person-centred approach: Every person has value and potential

Every person has value and potential

What is the primary focus of the clinician's skills in PCT?

Creating a psychological atmosphere, rather than exercising skills on the client.