Bio Unit 4: Cellular Energy - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts, organelles, reactions, equations, fermentation types, and environmental factors of photosynthesis and cellular respiration from Biology Unit 4.

Chlorophyll

The pigment inside leaves that gives them their green appearance.

Photosynthesis

The process that takes place inside chloroplasts to convert light energy from the Sun into chemical energy.

Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to release usable energy in the form of ATP to power cellular activities.

Chloroplast

The cell organelle where photosynthesis takes place using $CO_2$, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.

Mitochondria

The cell organelle where cellular respiration takes place using glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, $CO_2$, and water.

Thylakoid

A membrane structure located inside the chloroplast involved in the energy reactions of photosynthesis.

Stroma

The fluid-filled internal space surrounding the thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast.

Crista

A fold of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Mitochondrial Matrix

The internal compartment enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where cellular respiration reactions occur.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy to power cellular activities when the bond holding its third phosphate group is broken.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

A molecule containing two phosphate groups that stores a small amount of energy until a third phosphate is attached.

ADP-ATP Cycle

The continuous cellular cycle where energy from food forces a third phosphate group onto ADP to create ATP, which then breaks that phosphate group to release stored energy.

Aerobic Respiration

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen and is more effective than anaerobic respiration because it produces more ATP.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

An anaerobic reaction occurring in animal muscle cells and some fungi that produces lactic acid and a small amount of ATP when oxygen levels are low.

Alcoholic Fermentation

An anaerobic reaction occurring in yeast cells and plant cells that produces alcohol, $CO_2$, and a small amount of ATP.

Yeast

A single-celled fungus that carries out alcoholic fermentation to break down sugar, evolving carbon dioxide gas and alcohol.

Hydrilla

A water plant used in experimental setups that undergoes photosynthesis and evolves oxygen gas collected in a test tube.

Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide Factor

The environmental relationship where an increase in carbon dioxide concentration directly increases the rate of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis Light Intensity Factor

The environmental factor where increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point.

Enzymatic Temperature Effect

The principle that moderate temperatures increase the rate of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration because both processes rely on enzymes.

Cellular Respiration Oxygen Factor

The environmental factor in which the amount of available oxygen allows aerobic cellular respiration to proceed at its maximum rate.