Hist 158 ID's

GI Bill of 1944

Provided returning veterans with benefits such as unemployment compensation, medical care, education subsidies, home loans, and business start-up money.

Importance of GI Bill

Expanded the federal government’s role in providing economic security, but many Black veterans faced discrimination and exclusion from benefits.

Immigration Act of 1924

Restricted immigration using national-origins quotas based on 2% of each nationality’s foreign-born population from the 1890 census.

Importance of Immigration Act of 1924

Ranked immigrants by nationality and race, favoring certain European groups and restricting others, shaping the racial makeup of the U.S.

Redlining

The practice of denying mortgage loans and other services in neighborhoods considered risky based on residents’ race or ethnicity.

Importance of Redlining

Restricted homeownership for people of color, reinforced segregation, and contributed to the racial wealth gap.

Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Established in 1933 to help refinance mortgages at risk of default and created residential security maps with racial information.

Importance of HOLC

Helped classify neighborhoods by lending risk, showing the relationship between government housing policy, race, and segregation.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Created in 1934 to improve housing standards and support mortgage lending.

Importance of FHA

Expanded mortgage financing access but also supported racial exclusion and segregation, contributing to racial wealth inequality.

Naturalization Act of 1790

Limited naturalized citizenship to 'free white persons,' excluding Black and Asian individuals.

Importance of Naturalization Act of 1790

Demonstrated early use of race in citizenship laws, affecting who could fully participate in U.S. society.

Ozawa and Thind Supreme Court Cases

Two cases from the early 1920s where Japanese and Indian immigrants argued for U.S. citizenship based on race.

Importance of Ozawa and Thind cases

The Court ruled against their claims, using racial definitions of whiteness to determine citizenship eligibility.

Hart-Celler Act of 1965

Ended the national-origins quota system and established a new immigration system emphasizing family and occupational skills.

Importance of Hart-Celler Act

Changed immigration rules that favored certain Europeans, but introduced numerical limits and country caps.

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

Removed racial restrictions on naturalized citizenship but retained national-origins quotas.

Importance of McCarran-Walter Act

Removed formal racial barriers to naturalization while maintaining restrictive quotas influenced by anti-communism.

Red Summer

A period in 1919 marked by increased racial violence against Black Americans amid competition for jobs and housing.

Importance of Red Summer

Showed that Black military service did not protect them from racism, revealing contradictions in fighting for democracy.

March on Washington Movement (MOWM)

A 1940-1941 movement led by A. Philip Randolph demanding an end to racial discrimination in defense employment.

Importance of MOWM

Pressured President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802, demonstrating organized protest's power against discrimination.

Social Citizenship

The right to economic welfare and security, including access to benefits like education and housing.

Importance of Social Citizenship

Can expand opportunities but unequal access can reinforce social inequality, as exemplified by barriers faced by Black veterans.

Double V Campaign

A World War II campaign calling for victory against both fascism abroad and racism at home.

Importance of Double V Campaign

Highlighted the contradiction of the U.S. fighting for democracy while Black Americans faced segregation and discrimination at home.