Cell & Genetic Bio Chapter 5, 6 & 7 Homework

What is another name for a condensation reaction that releases a water molecule?

Dehydration

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

Hydrolysis

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of what kind of monomers?

Simple sugar

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of what kind of monomers?

Nucleotide

Protein polymers are made up of what kind of monomers?

Amino acid

Which of the following is not analogous to a biological polymer?

• a pearl strand necklace

• a truck

• a train

• an iron chain

A truck

Compare dehydration reactions and hydrolysis

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart

Which molecule is not a carbohydrate?

• Cellulose

• Lipid

• Glycogen

• Starch

Lipid

Monosaccharides can be classified…

According to the spatial arrangement of their atoms

Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in

Bacteria

Which complex carbohydrate contains only a-1,4-glycosidic linkages?

Amylose

Cellulose

Structural component of plant cell walls

Polysaccharide that contains a modified monosaccharide

Peptidoglycan

During a 12-hour fast in a human, the first macromolecule to get depleted is typically

Glycogen

What is a biological advantage of storing glucose molecules in branched polymers?

They have more sites for enzymatic attack than do unbranched polymers

Describe the interaction of water molecules with phospholipids

The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not

Associated with atherosclerosis and should be eliminated from one's diet for health reasons

Butter, liver, and kidney organ meat

Ovalbumin, the egg white protein is denatured in scrambled egg. Which structure is not affected?

Primary structure of ovalbumin

The 5' end of a polynucleotide strand of RNA…

Has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose

What is the most appropriate technique for observing and measuring the size of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

Transmission electron microscopy

What microscopy technique is best suited for visualizing protein complexes in their cellular environments without the use of preservatives?

Cryo-electron microscopy

What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic:prokaryotic cells?

1000:1

One major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not

Area in bacterial cells best describes where chromosomal DNA is generally localized

In the nucleoid

Disruption of nuclear pore complexes in a eukaryotic cell will most likely interfere with the transport of which molecule out of the nucleus?

mRNA

Disassembly of the lamina by chemical treatment would most likely result in?

A change in the shape of the nucleus

A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely involved in

Producing large quantities of proteins for secretion

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic disorder that results in cellular accumulation of very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which organelle is most likely defective in Tay-Sachs disease?

The lysosome

If plant cells are grown on media containing radioactively labeled thymine for one generation, radioactively labeled macromolecules will be detected in which organelles?

In the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

An early step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved what event?

Endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria

Certain animal cells normally have well-defined spherical nuclei when observed by light microscopy. Cells with a genetic defect have irregularly-shaped nuclei. What cytoskeletal element is most likely affected by this genetic defect?

Intermediate filaments

What molecules is required by cells to assemble cilia or flagella?

Tubulin

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through what structure?

Gap junctions

Primary structure

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

Tertiary structure

Achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids

Secondary structure

Describes the alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain.

Quaternary structure

The result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex

Pancreatic cells, which secrete a large amount of digestive enzymes, are labeled with radioactive leucine and then chased for several hours with nonradioactive leucine. Photographic emulsions are prepared at different times during the chase. Where would the black spots appear on an emulsion prepared 3 hours after the pulse?

Exterior of the cell

What path does a protein in the secretory pathway take, starting from its site of synthesis?

Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, plasma membrane

What scientific hypotheses can be tested by a pulse-chase experiment?

Movement of molecules through a cell over time

True or false? Proteins produced during the "chase" phase of a pulse-chase experiment are labeled with radioactive material

False

What is the first step in a pulse-chase experiment?

Incubating cells with a labeled molecule

What is true about a typical plasma membrane?

The two sides of the plasma membrane have different lipid and protein composition

In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?

Certain proteins are unique to each membrane

Describe the structure of a membrane based on the fluid mosaic model

The membrane is composed of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded amphipathic proteins

What type of molecules is least likely to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane?

Small ions

Aquaporins

Facilitates water movement across membranes and speeds up the process of osmosis

Which of the following processes includes all the others?

• osmosis

• passive transport

• transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient

• diffusion of a solute across a membrane

Passive transport

What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion content of about 0.9%, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?

The cell will swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC

Facilitated diffusion is a type of _______

Passive transport

If the concentration of phosphate in the cytosol is 2.0 mM, and the concentration of phosphate in the surrounding fluid is 0.1 mM, how could the cell increase the concentration of phosphate in the cytosol?

Active transport

Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____

Into ... membranous vesicles

You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____

The cell is engulfing extracellular fluid

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____

Phagocytosis

True or false? Osmosis is a type of diffusion

True

What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans?

Amphipathic nature

What particle could diffuse easily through a cell membrane?

Oxygen

True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.

True

If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell?

Hypotonic