geography test 3

European Union (EU)

 Formulated in 1958; formally est. in 1993

◦Treaty of Rome (1958)

◦Maastricht Treaty (1993)

◦Most recent treaty: Treaty of Lisbon (2009)

Baltic states

-apart of NATO

Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

Balkan Peninsula

Spain, Portugal, Andorra

Balkan Peninsula

a geographic and cultural region in Southeastern Europe named after the Balkan Mountains in Bulgaria

“Benelux”

known as the “low countries”

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg

European Union (EU) formed in _____

1958; formally est. in 1993

 Political/Economic Union of 27 states

◦Government offices in Brussels, Belgium

 “Brexit”

Britain exit

◦June 2016 referendum in the UK on leaving the EU: 52% voted to Leave

Visa-FreeTravel pros and cons

great for business, tourism

weakness can threaten all of the other places

Eurozone

Euro

Currency

Common

Market

1958

•Belgium

•Germany

•France

•Italy

•Luxembourg

Netherlands

1973

•Denmark

•Ireland

•United Kingdom (left 2019)

1981

Greece

1986

•Spain

•Portugal

1995

•Austria

•Finland

•Sweden

2004

•Cyprus

•Czechia

•Estonia

•Hungary

•Lithuania

•Latvia

•Malta

•Poland

•Slovenia

•Slovakia

2007

•Bulgaria

•Romania

2013

Croatia

Candidate States

•Albania

•Bosnia & Herzegovina

•Georgia

•Moldova

•Montenegro

•North Macedonia

•Serbia

•Turkey

•Ukraine

Potential Candidates

•Kosovo

Schengen Area

Visa-Free Travel

Great Britain

Scotland, Wales, England

United Kingdom

Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, England

British Islands

Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, England, Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey

British Isles

Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, England, Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, Ireland

European Population/Settlement

 Defining Characteristics

◦Low (or No) Natural Growth

◦Complex Problems with Migration & Immigration

◦Highly Urbanized Settlement Pattern

Low/No Natural Growth

 Most of Europe:  Death rate exceeds birth rate

◦If not for immigration, population would decline

 Why does this matter?

◦Smaller labor force

◦Fewer tax payers to support social welfare

◦Smaller domestic market

 How are European countries addressing this?

◦“Family-friendly” policies encourage childbearing

 Schengen Agreement (1985)

◦Permits free movement between nations that sign on

◦No “hard” border to cross, little border security at all

◦NOT the same as the European Union

 Schengen Agreement (1985) benefits

 Benefits: Facilitates VERY easy movement in Eur.

 Schengen Agreement (1985)  Controversies

◦Hard to control illegal immigration

◦Difficult to guard against terrorism

◦Large numbers of people may move in search of work

 Twentieth Century

◦World War II left european cities (Germany) in ruins

◦Post-war labor shortage = opportunity for immigrants

◦End of the Cold War (1991) = new opportunities

◦Eastern Europeans moved to wealthier, more stable West

 European Immigration by the Numbers

◦France, UK, Germany:  About 14-16% foreign-born

 Consequences of High Immigration Numbers

◦Competition for limited jobs; Unemployment; Cost of services

European Lowland

North European Plain

Europeans most important waterways and ports

grazing of cattle

Alpine Mountain System

spine of Europe

Pyrenees Mountains

Basque Culture

Catalonian Culture

Alps

Apennine Mountains- spine of Italy, volcanoes

Carpathian Mountains