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How does Lorber define gender? (Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender:Judith Lorber)

A social institution continually created through human interaction.

How is gender typically assigned at birth?(Lorber)

By visually examining genitalia and assigning a gender marker.

What is the difference between sex and gender? (Lorber)

Sex concerns biological traits; gender is socially constructed.

What is a third gender? (Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender:Judith Lorber)

A recognized gender category beyond the Western male/female binary.

What does Simone de Beauvoir mean by 'becomes a woman'? (Night to His Day: Judith Lorber)

Womanhood is socially produced, not biologically predetermined.

What is gender bending?(Night to His Day: Judith Lorber)

Challenging or blurring conventional gender expectations.

What does intersex mean? (Night to His Day:Judith Lorber)

Born with biological traits that do not fit typical male/female categories.

What is gender stratification? (Night to His Day:Judith Lorber)

A hierarchy where gender gives men greater social status and power.

How does gender stratification affect work? (Night to His Day:Judith Lorber)

Men's work is often valued more highly than women's work.

Who typically holds more positions of authority in gender-stratified societies? (Night to His Day:Judith Lorber)

Men, especially in government, military, and law.

What is 'flipping the script' for Tim'm West?

Challenging imposed identities and redefining Black male experience.

What paradox does Tim'm West describe? (Tim'm West, "Flipping the Script.")

Balancing Black male authenticity with navigating White privilege and sociality.

What is 'screwface'? (Tim'm West, "Flipping the Script.")

A gaze or ritual that scrutinizes another Black man's authenticity.

What does resistance to screwface reveal? (Tim'm West, "Flipping the Script.")

Fear and pressure surrounding Black men's performances of masculinity.

What is Black male homophobia connected to in West's essay? (Tim'm West, "Flipping the Script.")

Fear of vulnerability and challenges to traditional masculinity.

What does 'becoming' mean for West? (Tim'm West, "Flipping the Script.")

A creative process of transforming subjection into self-determined existence.

What is Serano's first major claim about sex? (Julia Serano, "Transgender People and Biological Sex Myths.")

Sex is multifaceted, variable, and somewhat malleable.

What is the mind/body dualism fallacy? (Julia Serano, "Transgender People and Biological Sex Myths.")

Treating mind and body as completely separate and opposed.

What is the nature vs. nurture fallacy? (Julia Serano, "Transgender People and Biological Sex Myths.")

Assuming traits must be entirely biological or entirely social.

What does Serano mean by saying sex is socially constructed? (Julia Serano, "Transgender People and Biological Sex Myths.")

Social meanings shape how biological sex differences are understood.

According to Serano, why are women oppressed? (Julia Serano, "Transgender People and Biological Sex Myths.")

Because of both sex and gender.

What does Serano challenge about trans people and biological sex? (Julia Serano, "Transgender People and Biological Sex Myths.")

The claim that trans people seek to deny or erase biological differences.

What is scapegoating? (Loren Cannon, "The Politicization of Trans Identities: Dog Whistles and Virtue Signaling.")

Blaming a targeted group to deflect responsibility or gain power.

What is a political dog whistle? (Loren Cannon, "The Politicization of Trans Identities: Dog Whistles and Virtue Signaling.")

Coded language that activates stereotypes or biases among an audience.

What is virtue signaling in Cannon's argument? (Loren Cannon, "The Politicization of Trans Identities: Dog Whistles and Virtue Signaling.")

Publicly signaling support or opposition to reassure a targeted audience.

How are dog whistling and virtue signaling related? (Loren Cannon, "The Politicization of Trans Identities: Dog Whistles and Virtue Signaling.")

They can work together to create fear and signal political allegiance.

Why can anti-trans dog whistles be politically useful? (Loren Cannon, "The Politicization of Trans Identities: Dog Whistles and Virtue Signaling.")

They can activate existing biases and mobilize political support.

What does Cannon say social media enables? (Loren Cannon, "The Politicization of Trans Identities: Dog Whistles and Virtue Signaling.")

Rapid, highly visible virtue signaling and political messaging.

Who can use dog whistles and virtue signaling? (Loren Cannon, "The Politicization of Trans Identities: Dog Whistles and Virtue Signaling.")

People across political parties and ideological positions.

What is the gender binary? (Alok Vaid-Menon, "The Dehumanization of Nonbinary Life.")

The belief that there are only two genders: male and female.

What does Vald-Menon argue about nonbinary people? (Alok Vaid-Menon, "The Dehumanization of Nonbinary Life.")

Nonbinary people are not new; they have existed throughout history.

What historical forces targeted gender-variant communities? (Alok Vaid-Menon, "The Dehumanization of Nonbinary Life.")

Colonialism, discriminatory laws, imprisonment, and medical coercion.

What is the Declaration of Sentiments?

An 1848 Seneca Falls document demanding women's rights and equality.

What happened in Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)?

The Supreme Court upheld denying Myra Bradwell admission to the Illinois bar.

When was the Nineteenth Amendment ratified?

1920.

What did the proposed Equal Rights Amendment seek?

Constitutional equality of rights regardless of sex.

When was the Equal Rights Amendment first proposed?

1923.

What was Roe v. Wade (1973) about?

The constitutional right to abortion under the Fourteenth Amendment.

What was Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)?

The Supreme Court overturned Roe's federal constitutional abortion protection.

What does Hesse-Biber examine in 'Am I Thin Enough Yet?'

Women's preoccupation with thinness, beauty, dieting, and social worth.

How do beauty industries profit from women's insecurities?

They market products and advice by reinforcing perceived inadequacies.

How do capitalism, patriarchy, and media interact with beauty ideals?

They can reinforce norms that encourage women to pursue idealized bodies.

What is the main goal of the Me Too movement according to Burke?

Address sexual violence and create accountability and harm reduction.

How did social media accelerate #MeToo in 2017?

Millions shared experiences rapidly on platforms like Facebook and Twitter.

What problem does Burke identify with mainstream MeToo coverage?

Coverage can shift focus from survivors and harm toward accused perpetrators.

What is reproductive justice?

Reproductive rights combined with social justice.

What are the three primary reproductive justice rights?

Not to have children; to have children; and to parent safely.

Who helped develop the reproductive justice framework?

Black women and women of color activists.

What does reproductive justice say about oppression?

People share human rights but experience oppression differently.

How does intersectionality relate to reproductive justice?

It examines overlapping systems of advantage and disadvantage.

What is the film's main objective?

Increase media literacy and critical consumption of mass media.

What percentage of the U.S. population is female?

About 51% (at the time of the film).

What percentage of Congress was women circa 2011?

About 17%.

What was the U.S. global rank for women in national legislatures?

90th globally, according to the film.

Why have women in government defended Title IX?

To protect laws promoting gender equality in education.

What wage gap did the film cite?

Women earned about $0.77 for every $1 earned by men.

What was the domestic-abuse insurance issue?

Some insurers treated domestic abuse as a pre-existing condition.

What family-leave policy did the film highlight?

The U.S. lacked nationally mandated paid family leave.

What percentage of Hollywood film protagonists were women?

About 16%.

How do many films portray women's lives?

Around men or women's relationships with men.

What is the '****** boss' archetype?

A successful female authority figure portrayed as needing to be taken down.

What is the 'fighting **** toy' archetype?

A hyper-sexualized female character designed for male viewers.

What does it mean when women are used as 'body props'?

Women's bodies are used visually rather than giving them meaningful roles.

How were women in their 20s-30s represented on TV?

39% of women in society but about 70% of women on broadcast TV.

How were women 40+ represented on TV?

47% of women in society but only about 26% of women on TV.

What does the film suggest about older women in media?

They are often underrepresented in meaningful roles.

What percentage of women are represented in society compared to on TV?

47% of women in society but only about 26% of women on TV.

What does it mean for viewers to be positioned as 'adolescent boys'?

Media often targets audiences through a male-centered perspective.

How does reality TV portray women?

It often pits women against one another in competition and conflict.

What did 'catfight' coverage imply about women newscasters?

It framed professional competition as conflict between women.

What percentage of top-grossing film directors were women in 2003?

About 7%.

What percentage of top-grossing film writers were women in 2003?

About 13%.

What happened to Catherine Hardwicke after successful films?

She was overlooked for some sequels and projects outside female-centered themes.

What does 'merit is a myth' suggest about media careers?

Success is not determined solely by merit; structural barriers can matter.

How can media disrespect women politicians?

Through titles, language, camera angles, and focus on appearance.

How might language differ for male and female politicians?

Women's speech may be labeled negatively while men's is described neutrally.

What may media focus on about female politicians?

Appearance, clothing, body, age, or dress rather than policy.

What was the Nancy Pelosi/John Boehner comparison about?

Different levels of newsmagazine cover visibility for male and female Speakers.

What does media bias in decision-making mean?

Media institutions can disproportionately reflect male perspectives and experiences.

What is a media conglomerate?

A large company controlling multiple media businesses or outlets.

Why does women's representation on media boards matter?

Decision-makers influence which perspectives and stories reach audiences.

What is 'symbolic annihilation'?

The underrepresentation, trivialization, or omission of a group in media.

Why is symbolic annihilation significant?

What media omits can make groups and experiences seem less socially important.

What is media literacy?

The ability to critically analyze and evaluate media messages.

What does it mean to be a critical media consumer?

Questioning how media messages are created, framed, and whose perspectives they reflect.

What is the film's broader argument about media and power?

Media representation can reflect and reinforce existing gender inequalities.

What does 'You cannot not communicate' mean?

All behavior communicates something, even silence or inaction.

What does communication being conscious or unconscious mean?

Communication can be intentional or unintentional.

What are the two major forms of messages?

Verbal messages use words; nonverbal messages use behavior and cues.

Which message is usually believed when verbal and nonverbal conflict?

The nonverbal message.

What happens in face-to-face communication?

People simultaneously send and receive messages.

How does the communication channel affect a message?

The medium changes and adds information to the message.

What does 'the medium is the message' mean?

The medium itself affects the meaning of communication.

What does 'meanings reside within people' mean?

People construct meanings from the messages they receive or seek.

Why can two people interpret the same word differently?

People construct meanings from different experiences and perspectives.

What does communication being rule-governed mean?

Rules guide how we behave and interpret others' behavior.

How are human communication rules different from natural laws?

Human rules can be broken; natural laws cannot.

What does communication being contextual mean?

The situation adds meaning and cues for interpreting messages.

What does communication being relational mean?

Relationships between communicators add meaning to messages.

What are the two levels of every message?

Content and relationship.