Intro to Intelligence Analysis Exam 1 Terms

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

emerged to meet the needs of a nation that felt threatened by its enemies

Snowden Effect

has not so much changed the structure of the IC itself; rather, it has affected the relationship between the intelligence community and the private sector, primarily the communications industry.

Director of National Intelligence (DNI)

When we refer to the U.S. IC, we generally mean the 17 federal agencies that report to the…..

5 eyes

Although many nations share information with the United States, four have a particularly close bond: the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Collectively, along with the United States, these nations are referred to as

National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)

was created in 2004 and which the DNI oversees. It brings together more than 500 personnel from approximately 20 different agencies in an effort to “meld” intelligence from every IC entity to address a single problem. As such, it is a “problem” rather than an “agency” centered organization.

Directorate of Analysis

consists of analysts and other personnel who produce reports using many different sources of information.

Directorate of Operations

once known as the National Clandestine Service, consists of Case Officers and other individuals who gather information (largely HUMINT) in a clandestine manner. They spend a large part of their careers abroad gathering information and carrying out other tasks as assigned. also conducts covert missions

Directorate of Support

provides logistical support for operations and is responsible for security, communications, information technology, and training.

Directorate of Science and Technology

responsible for developing technologies to enhance the Agency's mission. This can range from super-secret eavesdropping devices to the U-2 spy plane, which the CIA developed in conjunction with the Air Force.

Directorate of Digital Innovation

This underscores the increasing importance of having the ability to operate clandestinely in a world that is increasingly transparent and interconnected.

fusion centers

Serve as primary focal points within the state and local environment for the receipt, analysis, gathering, and sharing of threat-related information among federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) partners.

Coast Guard Intelligence (CGI)

arliest intelligence efforts was to identify “rum runners” who attempted to smuggle illegal liquor into the United States during prohibition.

FBI

involved in intelligence operations; also a law enforcement mission; the federal government’s “all purpose” law enforcement agency

Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)

bring together personnel from federal, state, and local agencies to investigate terrorism matters. Since 9–11, the FBI and ____ have broken up numerous terrorism plots in the United States.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

established in 1973 and a member of the IC for two reasons: (1) illegal drugs threaten U.S. national security, as set forth by the DNI in Vision 2015; and (2) illicit drug sales fund terror organizations, such as the FARC in Colombia and the Taliban in Afghanistan.

National Drug Threat Assessment

an unclassified publication that outlines “the threat posed by drug trafficking and associated transnational organized crime in the United States”

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

whose director is appointed by, and reports to, the Secretary of Defense. The _____ was created to provide current all-source intelligence to the DoD, consolidate analysis on general military topics performed by each of the military departments, coordinate DoD's contribution to national intelligence estimates, confirm the needs of DoD components for intelligence, and coordinate the performance of common functions.

Defense Clandestine Service (DCS)

oversees the operation of approximately 500 clandestine operatives worldwide.

National Geospatioal-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

GEOINT and NIMA was renamed this

National Security Agency (NSA)

is responsible for the collection and analysis of foreign communications and signals intelligence.

National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)

designs, builds, launches, and operates satellites to gather imagery for intelligence. It also conducts analysis of images captured from space.

Intelligence Led Policing (ILP)

it emphasizes that intelligence should drive all facets of policing, from patrol to investigations. ILP was first started in the Kent Constabulary in England in the 1990s. Investigators there had been plagued by a series of car thefts that they worked on as individual cases. At some point, they decided to employ intelligence tactics to discern whether a pattern would emerge.

Steele Dossier

a 35-page compilation of raw information that Steele had allegedly obtained from various sources, some of them anonymous.

denial and deception

every intelligence services engages in

source reliability

To what degree has the source provided reliable information in the past?

information consent

Has the information been corroborated by an outside source and does it make sense?

all-source intelligence

When one combines data obtained from human sources with such things as electronic overhears, surveillances, imagery from above and the like, a fuller, more accurate picture emerges.

source or method

once a collection ___ or ____ becomes known, it ceases to exist

Confidential Human Source (CHS)

Historically, it used three categories to describe individuals whose identities it agreed to protect.

Confidential Informant

An individual who provides information in criminal matters. The Bureau keeps this individual's identity secret, even if it means losing a case in court. In some cases, individuals start out as informants but eventually agree to testify, although this is not a requirement. Some informants provide information for years on a host of matters.

Asset

is like a CI except that they provide information on national security matters (terrorism and counterintelligence). Like the CI, the Bureau never makes this person's identity known.

Cooperating Witness

An individual who is recruited with the specific knowledge that they will have to provide testimony at some point, although their identity is kept secret during the duration of the investigative portion of the case. A cooperating witness may be authorized to engage in some acts of criminality (e.g., undercover drug buy) to help prove the elements of the case.

collection plans

before collection begins, it is necessary to have a plan; in the intelligence world, these are referred to as

requirements

the goals of the particular intelligence endeavor

priorities

Some requirements may be more important to the policymaker than others, necessitating the need for

lead time

Another consideration when choosing a collection source concerns the length of time necessary from inception until a likely payoff is realized.

taskings

specific duties and collection goals, are established

double agents

As well, foreign intelligence services often send in individuals who claim to want to work for the United States but who are, in fact____

encryption or coding

It was also during this period that attempts were made to disguise transmissions through

Cryptanalysts

informally referred to as “code-breakers,” became an integral part the intelligence world.

Electronic Support Measures (ESM)

used by the military to identify electronic transmissions through their “signatures.” Specific types of aircraft, ships, or missiles can be positively identified through

chatter

refers to untranslatable or nonspecific pieces of information from a target of interest.

Cybersecurity (CYBERINT)

also poses great challenges to those who are tasked with keeping our own information secure.

Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)

GEOINT was first termed this

Open Source Enterprise

In 2015, the Open Source Center was re-designated as the

bounded rationality

in the 1950s, Herbert Simon, who was schooled in economics, political science, and psychology, noted that people often do not act rationally in their decision-making. Indeed, even when they try to be objective, their rationality is often “bounded” by cognitive and environmental limitations.

Satisficing

arriving at the first acceptable, rather than optimal, decision

heuristics

shortcuts

perception

links people to their environment and is critical to accurate understanding of the world about us.

mindsets

ways of looking at things

confirmation bias

the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs.

mirror imaging

One particularly vexatious mindset bias, and one that causes major headaches for the IC

fundamental attribution error

escribes the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to their personalities or individual skills while undervaluing situational explanations for those behaviors.

recency effect

Individuals also show a bias to recall better the information they have learned in the recent past rather than what they learned a long time ago.

availability bias

the tendency to attach the most credence to the information that is most easily retrieved from our memories.

vividness criterion

Another way that information becomes prioritized in our brains is through personal, rather than secondhand, exposure to it. In most cases, personally experiencing a situation will have much more of an impact than reading about it in a book.

temporality

being able to show that the cause of something occurred before its effect.

ability to control for other variables

what is the final criterion

fallacy of big result

We tend to believe that big results must have big causes.

Fallacy of centralized direction

Analysts many times assume the subjects they are studying are pursuing coherent, rational, goal—maximizing policies.

groupthink

to describe conformity within groups

self-censorship

To that end, when they know their opinion is in opposition to the group position, they likewise keep their thoughts to themselves, in fear that they will alienate other members.

pressure on dissenters

In those cases where individuals are brave enough to voice unpopular ideas, others in the group may attempt to put

apparent unamity

where superficially everyone is in agreement while in reality, lingering but unspoken doubts remain.

politicized intelligence

It relates to the internal politics of an organization and the shaping of intelligence, either intentionally or unintentionally, to meet the desires or preconceptions of the policymaker.

stovepipes

which translates as systems that are isolated from one another. it can be technology or policy driven.

culture of collaboration

in which agencies are to work closely together for the common good.

truth decay

Increasing disagreement about facts;

A blurring of the line between opinion and fact;

The increasing relative volume and resulting influence of opinion over fact: and

Declining trust in formerly respected sources of facts.

responsibilty to provide

as the earlier quote from the DNI made clear, the IC realizes that, in today's networked world, it needs to do a better job of sharing information and intelligence.