BB PART 1

The study of genetic transmission of inherited characteristics

Gene

Three varieties of RNA?

Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer

What is the genetic material within the nucleus called?

DNA

It is a segment of DNA arranged along the chromosome at a specific position called locus

Gene

Gene at a specific locus that differ in their nucleotide sequence are called ____

Alleles

What term defines that the presence of homozygous genotype can express itself with more antigen than the heterozygous phenotype?

Dosage Effect

A, B, AB, AO, BO, OO are examples of?

Genotype

Total genetic composition; represents maternally and paternally derived genes

Genotype

Detectable/expressed characteristics of genes; interchanged with the term “Antigen”?

Phenotype

Substance that triggers immune response

Antigen

Protein produced by B cells in response to an antigen

Antibody

What type of antibody reacts to a specific antigen?

Monoclonal

What type of antibody reacts to a 2 or more antigen?

Polyclonal

Type of Ab that is produced naturally by the body

Naturally occuring

Type of Ab that is produced when a foreign particle enters the body

Immune

Antibodies from other people?

ALLOantibodies

Antibodies from other species?

HETEROantibodies

Ab against self?

AUTOantibodies

Immunoglobulins are what type of globulins?

GAMMAglobulins

Which antibody is agglutinating?

IgM (Because it is pentameric it can be seen by the naked eye)

Which antibody is sensitizing?

IgG

Which antibody activates the complement?

IgM

Which antibody is non-agglutinating?

IgG

Immune antibodies best react at what temperature? 

37°C

Naturally occurring antibodies best react at what temperature?

4°C

Located in chromosome #1?

Rh, Duffy

Located in choromosome #9?

ABO

First blood group system that is given a chromosomal location?

Duffy

Reaction is in-vitro; also known as direct cell typing; Specimen = RBCs; Rgts = Anti-A and Anti-B

ABO Forward Grouping

Anti-A: -
Anti-B: +

What is the blood group?

B

Also known as serum, indirect, back typing; Specimen = Serum/Plasma; Rgts = A cells and B cells (KA,KB)

ABO REVERSE GROUPING

Reaction with A cells = +
Reaction with B cells: +

what is the blood group?

O

Formula for preparing red cell suspension?

%RCS = Vol. RBC (mL) X 100
Tot. Vol (mL)

Medium sized agglutinates, clear background

2+

Tiny agglutinates, turbid background

W+

Small agglutinates, turbid background

1+

Several large agglutinins, clear background

3+

One solid agglutinate

4+

T or F: FFP should always be group/type specific

True

Which type of precursor links Beta 1,3?

Type 1

Which type of precursor links Beta 1,3?

Type 2

Which type of precursor has controlling genes H, A, B?

Type 2

Which type of precursor has controlling genes H, A, B, Se, Lewis?

Type 1

Which type of precursor has originated from plasma,secretions, mucosal surface?

Type 1

Which type of precursor has originated/synthesised on erythrocytic precursors ?

Type 2

What is the immunodominant sugar of H gene?

L-fucose

What is the immunodominant sugar of A gene?

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

What is the immunodominant sugar of B gene?

D-galactose

What is the immunodominant sugar of AB gene?

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
D-galactose

What is the immunodominant sugar of O gene?

None

Acceptor for H gene?

Type II precursor substance

Which of the ff. is the correct order for the amount of H antigen? (highest to lowest)

O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B

Source of Anti-A1

Dolichous biflorus

Group B serum containing anti-A₁ is treated with A₂ cells. Which antibody remains in the serum?

A. Anti-A₁
B. Anti-B
C. Both anti-A₁ and anti-B
D. Neither antibody

C. Both anti-A₁ and anti-B

Determine the phenotype based on the results:
Anti A = -
Anti B = -
A cells = +
B cells = +
Anti H = -

Oh (Bombay phenotype)

remember that in Group O, the anti-H = +

Lectin source of Anti-H?

Ulex europeus

For secretor state, according to its principle, a positive reaction means?

a. no agglutination
b. agglutination
c. precipitation
d. none of the above

a. no agglutination

From this image, what type of secretor is the patient? What are the antigens present?

A secretor; Antigens = A and H

ABH substance in the saliva of group O?

H

Blood group O is predominantly Ig__

IgG

(Groups A and B are predominantly IgM

Most common discrepancy; there is problem in reverse typing

a. Group I: Weakly reacting or missing antibodies
b. Group II: Weakly reacting or missing antigens
c. Group III: Protein or plasma abnormalities resulting to rouleaux formation
d. Group IV: Miscellaneous

a. Group I: Weakly reacting or missing antibodies

LEAST FREQUENT discrepancy; problem in forward typing

a. Group I: Weakly reacting or missing antibodies
b. Group II: Weakly reacting or missing antigens
c. Group III: Protein or plasma abnormalities resulting to rouleaux formation
d. Group IV: Miscellaneous

b. Group II: Weakly reacting or missing antigens

Saline Replacement Method is used to confirm the presence of rouleaux formation.

The sample remained intact, what does this mean?

True agglutination

(If the sample disperses, it indicates rouleaux)

GI disease

Acquired B type

Also called the “Hübener -Thomsen-Freidenreich” phenomenon

Polyagglutination (RBC agglutinates with ABO compatible blood due to altered memebrance component)

What enzyme do bacteria produce that actively cleaves and degrades the protective sialic acid barrier?

Neuraminidase

Refers to structural components on the red blood cell membrane that remain hidden under normal physiological conditions.

Crypt Antigen

IMMUNOGENECITY of COMMON Rh ANTIGENS (Highest to lowest)

D > c > E > C > e

Based on the theory that antigen of the system was produced by three closely linked set of alleles, each gene was responsible for producing a product

a. Fisher-Race (DCE)
b. Wiener (Rh-Hr)
c. Rosenfield (Alpha Numeric)
d. International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT): Numeric Terminology

a. Fisher-Race (DCE)

Postulated that gene responsible for defining Rh actually produced an agglutinogen that contained a series of blood factors, in which each factor is an antigen recognized by an antibody

a. Fisher-Race (DCE)
b. Wiener (Rh-Hr)
c. Rosenfield (Alpha Numeric)
d. International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT): Numeric Terminology

b. Wiener (Rh-Hr)

Number is assigned to each antigen of the Rh system in order of its discovery

a. Fisher-Race (DCE)
b. Wiener (Rh-Hr)
c. Rosenfield (Alpha Numeric)
d. International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT): Numeric Terminology

c. Rosenfield (Alpha Numeric)

Adopted a six-digit number for each blood group specificity

a. Fisher-Race (DCE)
b. Wiener (Rh-Hr)
c. Rosenfield (Alpha Numeric)
d. International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT): Numeric Terminology

d. International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT): Numeric Terminology

D antigens expressed appear to be complete, but few in number

Genetic Weak D

Allele carrying D is trans to the allele carrying C

C Trans

One or more part of the D is missing

D Mosaic or Partial D

Has the highest amount of D antigen

a. Rh deleted
b. Rh mod
c. Rh null

a. Rh deleted

Mutation in RHAG

a. Rh deleted
b. Rh mod
c. Rh null

b. Rh mod

No Rh antigens

a. Rh deleted
b. Rh mod
c. Rh null

c. Rh null (expressed as - - - / - - -)

in hema: produces stomatocytes
Two Types: 

• Regulator - normal RHCE and RHD: abnormal RHAG 

• Amorphic - normal RHAG: abnormal RHCE and RHD  

Most Rh antibodies are ___ and reacts optimally at ___ or after antiglobulin testing

IgG; 37°C

Lewis gene (Le) codes for the production of ___ enzyme

fucosyltransferase

IgM Antibodies

("LIPMAN”)

Lewis antibodies, anti-Lu^a 

Anti-l 

Anti-P1 

Anti-M 

ABO (Anti-A & Anti-B)

Anti-N 

IgG Antibodies

(“DR’S Kwak Kwak Pa Lu^bricant”)

Duffy, Rh, Ss

Kidd

Kell

Anti-P/Autoanti-P

Anti-Lu^b

Destroyed by Enzymes

MNSs
Duffy

Enhanced by Enzymes

(“Rich Kidd P.L.I.”)

Rh
Kidd
P₁
Lewis
I antigen

BGS that demonstrates dosage effect

(“Kid(d)s and Duffy the Monkey (Rh) eat lots of M&Ns”)

Kidds = anti-Jka, - Jkb

Duffy = anti-Fya, -Fyb

Monkey= Rh antibodies

M&Ns = anti-M, -N, -S, -s 

Lots = dosage

Antigens that are well developed at birth:

 i
MNSs
U
Kidd
Kell

Duffy

Antigens that are poorly developed at birth:

 (“PILL)

P

I

Lewis

Lutheran

MN antigens are found on _____ of RBC

Glycophorin A

Ss Antigens are located on ____ of RBC

Glycophorin B

In MNSs, which is pH dependent (6.5) and loves glucose? ⭐️

Anti-M

In MNSs, this is seen in renal patients, dialyzed on equipment sterilized with formaldehyde ⭐️

Anti-N

found in plasma, and droppings of pigeons and turtledoves, egg white of turtledoves ⭐️

P1-like antigen

Has been identified in hydatid cyst fluid, extracts of Lumbricoides terrestris and Ascaris suum ⭐️

P1 Substance

Strong anti-P1 was observed in individuals infected with what parasite?

E. granulosus

Associated with fascioliasis, C. sinensis, O. viverrini

Anti-P1

Originally called Anti-Tj^a (p-null)

Anti-PP1P^k

specificity is found as an IgG autoantibody in patients with Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH); demonstrated by the Donath-Landsteiner test

Anti-P

Increase expression of this antigen results to the following: Acute leukemia, PNH,thalassemia, Megaloblastic anemia, Reactive lymphocytes

i Ag

Which antibody/antigen in I BGS usually reacts only at 4°C.?

Benign Anti-I

Patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae develop strong cold agglutinins with I specificity as a cross-reactive response to Mycoplasma antigen; Listeria monocytogenes organism from a patient with CAHA absorb anti-I and stiulate production in rabbits

Autoanti-I