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Anthropology

The study of humankind, including the cultural and biological evolution of modern humans, our ancestors, and non-human primates.

Cultural Anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of human cultures, including their beliefs, practices, and social structures.

Linguistic Anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of human language, including its structure, variation, and social uses.

Biological Anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of human biology and variation, including genetics, evolution, and primatology.

Archaeology

The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of past human societies through the analysis of material remains.

Evolution

The change over time, specifically in the context of biological evolution, the genetic change over time resulting in new species.

Species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, such as Homo sapiens.

Adaptation

The biological or behavioral response of an organism to its environment, allowing it to better survive and reproduce.

Osteology/Skeletal Biology

The study of skeletal structure and function.

Bioarchaeology

The study of skeletal material from archaeological sites.

Paleopathology

The study of disease and trauma in past populations.

Human biology and variations

The study of how humans vary in response to their environment.

Molecular anthropology

The study of genetics of modern humans, non-human primates, and fossil relatives.

Primatology

The study of the biology and behavior of non-human primates, including their diet, locomotion, communication, and social and reproductive behaviors.

Paleoanthropology

The study of the evolution of humans, their ancestors, and fossil relatives, including the primate fossil record.

Large, complex brains

Brains that are big and intricate in structure.

Bony protection of the eye

The bones that surround and protect the eye.

Colour vision in diurnal primates (not in nocturnal primates)

The ability to see and distinguish colors in primates that are active during the day but not in those that are active at night.

Stereoscopic vision

3D depth perception:The ability to perceive depth and see objects in three dimensions.

Binocular vision

forward facing eyes with overlapping visual fields:The arrangement of eyes in primates where both eyes are facing forward, allowing for overlapping visual fields and improved depth perception.

Decreased reliance on sense of smell (olfaction)

A reduced dependence on the sense of smell in primates.

Unspecialized teeth/generalized dentition – omnivorous diet

Teeth that are not specialized for a specific type of food, allowing for an omnivorous diet.

Fruit, leaves, gums, seeds, insects, honey, meat

Various types of food that primates with generalized dentition can consume, including fruits, leaves, gums, seeds, insects, honey, and meat.

Dental formula

The numerical representation of the number and types of teeth in each quadrant of the mouth.

Dental morphology (form)

The size, shape, and structure of teeth.

Cusps

bumps on chewing surface of tooth:The raised areas on the chewing surface of a tooth.

Arboreal, terrestrial

Referring to the habitats in which primates live, either in trees (arboreal) or on the ground (terrestrial).

Leaping

A form of locomotion where primates propel themselves through the air by jumping.

Quadrupedalism

moving on four limbs:The movement of primates using all four limbs.

Brachiation and suspension

swinging and hanging body weight from forelimbs:A form of locomotion where primates swing and hang from their forelimbs.

Bipedalism

moving on two limbs:The ability to walk and move on two limbs.

Slower life history

Reproductive and developmental events that occur at a slower pace throughout the lifespan of primates.

Longer ontogeny, gestation, fewer offspring, fewer pregnancies, longer lifespan

Characteristics of primates with slower life history, including longer periods of development, longer gestation periods, fewer offspring, fewer pregnancies, and longer lifespans.

Enriched development

nutrition, maternal attention, learning = longer lifespan:Factors that contribute to an enriched development in primates, such as adequate nutrition, maternal attention, and learning, which can lead to longer lifespans.

K-selection

few offspring, UP parental care:A reproductive strategy in which primates have fewer offspring and provide higher levels of parental care.

R-selection

many offspring, DOWN parental care:A reproductive strategy in which primates have many offspring and provide lower levels of parental care.

Complex social groups

Social structures in primates that involve intricate relationships and interactions among group members.

Strepsirrhines

Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos and Pottos:A group of primates that includes lemurs, lorises, galagos, and pottos.

Tapetum lucidum (eye shine)

A reflective layer in the eyes of strepsirrhines that enhances their night vision.

More Olfactory

A greater reliance on the sense of smell in strepsirrhines.

Rhinarium (Chemosensory)

A specialized area of the nose in strepsirrhines that is involved in chemosensory perception.

Usually Nocturnal

Primates that are typically active during the night.

Usually Insectivorous

Primates that primarily feed on insects.

Usually Arboreal

Primates that predominantly live in trees.

Quadrupedal

Primates that move using all four limbs.

Vertical clinging and leaping

A form of locomotion in strepsirrhines where they cling to vertical surfaces and leap between them.

Tooth combs

Specialized teeth in strepsirrhines that form a comb-like structure used for grooming and feeding.

Grooming claws

Claws that are adapted for grooming in strepsirrhines.

Often Solitary

Primates that frequently live alone and have limited social interactions.

Different modes of locomotion

Various ways of moving in lorises, galagos, and pottos.

Haplorrhines

Tarsiers:A group of primates that includes tarsiers.

Small!

Tarsiers are small in size.

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