rice noodles

Does a long design life (100+ years) guarantee infrastructure meets future demand

No

Can salt exposure corrode steel reinforcement in concrete

Yes

Does stretching a foil strain gauge decrease its electrical resistance

No (it increases)

Can a vibrating wire strain gauge be embedded directly in concrete

Yes

Is strain expressed in newtons

No (strain is unitless)

Does high measurement precision guarantee high accuracy

No

Must an optical sensing fiber have a copper core to guide light

No (silica glass core)

Can one distributed fiber optic cable measure strain at many points along its length

Yes

Do fiber optic sensors need electrical power at the sensing point

No

Can a temperature change shift the reflected wavelength of a fiber Bragg grating

Yes

In a mesh network must every node talk directly to the base station

No

In the method of joints can you assume either direction for an unknown member force

Yes (the sign of the result shows true direction)

If the same force acts on a member with twice the cross-sectional area does axial stress double

No (it halves)

Are WGS 84 latitude and longitude expressed in meters

No (degrees)

Does a GIS buffer create a zone at a fixed distance around a feature

Yes

Does spatial correlation between two mapped variables prove causation

No

Does a digital surface model typically include roofs and vegetation

Yes

Does increasing UAV height increase ground sampling distance

Yes

Is rotating a camera about one fixed viewpoint enough for SfM to recover depth

No

Does image overlap stay the same at any UAV flight height

No

Is placing ground control points often more time-consuming than the UAV flight

Yes

Can SfM build a 3D model from photos taken by many different people and cameras

Yes

Can SfM map ground completely hidden under dense vegetation

No

Does a laser scanner find distance from the travel time of the laser pulse

Yes

Do nearby reflectors give the best registration for TLS models

Yes

Can terrestrial laser scans from different positions be registered into one point cloud

Yes

Is flooding the most common cause of bridge collapse

Yes

Is InSAR satellite monitoring more precise than a fixed computer vision/LiDAR system

No

Is MEMS strain sensor resolution finer than a vibrating wire strain gauge

Yes

Is resolution the same thing as accuracy in GIS

No

Is a raster well suited to continuous phenomena like elevation

Yes

Does a larger raster cell size give a smaller file size

Yes

Is TLS more accurate than ALS

Yes

Does a larger stereo disparity mean the point is closer to the cameras

Yes

Can an on-board RTK UAV reduce the need for ground control points

Yes

Does LoRaWAN have a longer range than Wi-Fi

Yes

What does LiDAR stand for

Light Detection and Ranging

What is k called in ΔR/R = kε

Gauge factor

What does UAV stand for

Unmanned aerial vehicle

What does SfM stand for

Structure-from-Motion

What does GIS stand for

Geographic Information System

What does WSN stand for

Wireless sensor network

What does MEMS stand for

Micro-electromechanical system

What does DAS stand for

Distributed Acoustic Sensing

What does AMTS stand for

Automated Total Station

What does SLAM stand for

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

What does RTK stand for

Real-Time Kinematic

What does GSD stand for

Ground Sampling Distance

What does IMU stand for

Inertial Measurement Unit

What does DSM stand for

Digital Surface Model

What does TIN stand for

Triangulated Irregular Network

What does TLS stand for

Terrestrial Laser Scanning

What does CRS stand for in GIS

Coordinate reference system

Which scattering is used for distributed strain sensing (BOTDR/BOTDA)

Brillouin

Raman scattering in distributed fiber sensing measures what variable

Temperature

Rayleigh scattering in distributed fiber sensing measures what variable

Vibration

What does the S-N curve plot

Stress range vs cycles to failure

What is the leading cause of bridge collapse

Flooding

Which fiber layer has the higher refractive index - core or cladding

Core

What material is the fiber optic core made of

Silicon dioxide (silica)

Which strain gauge measures strain using resistance change

Foil strain gauge

What do foil strain gauges physically measure to get strain

Change in electrical resistance

What is the unit of strain

None (unitless) or microstrain

What type of sensor measures change in inclination

Tiltmeter

What technology is used in modern tilt sensors

MEMS

What are the two main WSN network topologies

Star and mesh

What is the formula for axial stress

Force divided by cross-sectional area (σ = F/A)

In the method of joints what two equations are used at each joint

Sum of Fx = 0 and sum of Fy = 0

What are the two geometry data models in GIS

Vector and raster

What are the three vector geometry types

Point/line/polygon

Which GIS data model suits continuous surfaces

Raster

Which GIS data model suits discrete objects with sharp edges

Vector

What does a GIS attribute table store

Descriptive data (fields and records) for each feature

What is a thematic map

Map showing attributes and spatial relationships of geographic data drawn to scale

What does DSM include that DTM does not

Vegetation and structures

What are the three 3D model creation techniques

Airborne LiDAR/terrestrial LiDAR/Structure from Motion

What is the stereo depth equation

Z = f·T/(xl - xr)

In Z = f·T/(xl - xr) what is T

Baseline (distance between cameras)

In Z = f·T/(xl - xr) what is (xl - xr)

Disparity

In Z = f·T/(xl - xr) what is f

Focal length

What is the GSD formula

GSD = H(Sw)(100)/(f(ImW))

In the GSD formula what is H

Flight height

In the GSD formula what is Sw

Sensor width

What is the LiDAR range equation

Range = c(t_flight)/2

Why is time of flight divided by 2 in LiDAR

Pulse travels to the target and back

What minimum image overlap is recommended for SfM

70%

Minimum number of images that should see each feature in SfM

Three

What are ground control points used for

Georeferencing the model and fixing distortions

What are ground check points used for

Estimating model error (not georeferencing)

Which tool measures ground control points

RTK GPS

What algorithm fuses GPS and IMU data in UAVs

Kalman filter

What are the 4 SfM computation steps

Feature matching/bundle adjustment/manual tie points/point cloud densification

What is the output of point cloud densification

Fuller 3D model

What surfaces are hard for SfM

Featureless or reflective surfaces/water/vegetation/moving items/repeated patterns

What does a digital twin add to 3D models

Time (4D) and live data and simulation

What mismatch is the main challenge in infrastructure time scales

100+ year design life vs actual demand that changes every 20-40 years

Which has the shorter lifetime - infrastructure or its sensors and data analytics

Sensors and data analytics

What kind of infrastructure is needed given changing demand

More adaptive infrastructure

What drivers of change should adaptive infrastructure respond to

Population/equity/climate/circular economy

What typical service life are many infrastructure assets designed for

100 years