Rad test two

Vocabulary flashcards reviewing key terminology from Intro to Radiography covering patient interactions, history taking, homeostasis, vital signs, and oxygen delivery.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to look at oneself and at others in an effort to recognize and understand emotions.

Technologist attributes

Self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A model stating that lower-level needs, such as physiologic and safety needs, must be fulfilled before higher-level needs can be addressed.

Inpatient

A patient who has been admitted to the hospital and stays overnight, usually transferred to departments via wheelchair or stretcher.

Outpatient

A patient who comes to the healthcare facility solely for diagnostic images or treatment and does not stay overnight in the hospital.

What does scope of practice mean

what I’m legally allowed to tell a patient

Communication loop

Message, receiver, feedback, sender

Communication

Only successful when both the sender and receiver understands the message the same way

Scope of Practice

The legal and professional boundaries defining what a healthcare professional is permitted to do and communicate to a patient.

Verbal communication

Spoken words, written words, voice intonation, slang and jargon, organization of sentences, and humor

Nonverbal communication

Eye contact, facial expressions, body movement and posture, professional appearance, tone of voice, touch

When is touch acceptable

For emotional support, emphasis, and palpation

Visually impaired

Allow them to do as much as they can for themselves. Reassurance through touch, don’t talk louder, treat glasses with care, lead the way with arm hold.

Speech impaired

Encouraging patients to express themselves through any means. Be patient. Watch for clues or gestures

Non-English specking patients

Get a medical interpreter. They will understand basic no yes.

Mental challenges

communicate quietly. Speak to mental age. Be patient and avoid talking to fast. Low voice.

Disoriented patients

Talk face to face with patient. Keep environment calm. Supportive communication help patients. Use short simple sentences

Substance abusers

Wait until patient is cooperative. Use immobilization as necessary.

Can we restrain patients with restraints?

No

Infant age

1 and under

Toddlers age

1-3 years

Preschoolers age

3-5 age

School-aged children

5-10 years

Adolescents

10-25 years

Young adults

25-45 years

Middle-aged

45-65 years

Mature adults

65 or older

Pediatric patients

Come down to eye level. Speak softly. Soften room lights, and set up equipment.

Geriatric patients

Speak slowly and clearly. Keep them warm. Ask permission to touch. Ask what can help make them more comfortable. Treat them with respect and patience.

Things to avoid

Stereotypes and judgement

History taking

Take specific notes, be polite and calm

Questioning techniques

Ask open-ending questions, clarify information, give patient time to remember, verify accuracy. Use clear words

Repeat information as part of the history for two reasons.

Verify the rad tech has perceived the information correctly. Ensure that the patient has not changed his or her mind

Palpation

An application of light pressure using fingertips to locate anatomical landmarks and obtain precise localization information.

Objective Data

Signs and clinical measurements perceptible to the caregiver, such as fever, rash, erythema, or laboratory values.

Subjective Data

Clinical information perceived solely by the affected individual, including personal feelings, pain level, and emotional experiences.

Patient verification

Two forms of Id: id bracelet, name, birthday

Chief Complaint

The primary medical problem as defined by the patient, focusing the clinical history on the single most important issue.

Sacred Seven

The seven categories of data collected in a complete clinical history: localization, chronology, quality, severity, onset, aggravating/alleviating factors, and associated manifestations.

Localization

Defining the exact area for the patient's complaint.

Chronology

The time element of clinical history, describing duration, frequency, and onset relative to the present rather than using specific calendar dates.

Quality

The structural or functional character of symptoms, such as color, consistency, size, cough type, or descriptors of pain.

Severity

The intensity or quantity of symptoms, often quantified on a pain scale of $1$ to $10$ or by counting lesions or lumps.

Onset

The specific circumstances, activities, or events occurring when the medical problem or symptom first began.

Aggravating or Alleviating Factors

Circumstances, positions, or actions that produce, intensify, or relieve a patient's pain or symptoms.

Associated Manifestations

Secondary symptoms or clinical findings that occur in conjunction with the primary chief complaint.

Advance Directive

A legal document prepared by a living, competent adult—such as a living will or healthcare power of attorney—providing guidance concerning health care requests.

Homeostasis

The body's steady state, maintained by adaptive responses and physiological feedback loops that promote healthy survival.

Vital Signs

Primary physiological mechanisms that adapt to internal and external responses to maintain homeostasis, including body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure.

Body Temperature

The measurement of the degree of heat contained within the deep tissues of the human body, with an average normal reading of $98.6^\text{o}\text{F}$ ($37^\text{o}\text{C}$).

Hypothalamus

The brain structure responsible for regulating body temperature by controlling heat preservation through shivering and heat dissipation through diaphoresis.

Rate of respiration in adults

12 to 20 bpm

Rate of respiration in children under 10

20 to 30 bpm

Rate of respiration in newborns

30 to 60 bpm

Respiration

The biological process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide while breathing.

Diaphragm

The major muscle of ventilation that contracts and moves downward into the abdominal cavity during inspiration.

Tidal Volume

The volume of air exchanged under normal breathing conditions.

Depth of respirations

Shallow, normal, deep

Pattern of respiration

Regular or irregular

Effort of respiration

Labored or normal

Pulse

Regular expansion of an artery caused by ejection of blood into arterial system by contraction of the heart

What type of system is the cardiovascular

A closed-loop system of vessels

What part of the heart contracts supplying oxygenated blood to the body?

Left ventricle

Common sites of pulse

Radial, brachial, carotid, femoral, dorsalis

Pulse rate for adult

60 to 100 bpm

Pulse rate for children

70 to 120 bpm

Pulse rate for newborns

100 to 160 bpm

Pulse site during cpr

Carotid

Critical care setting pulse rate may be measured with a

Pulse oximeter

Pulse oximeter

Converts light intensity into oxygen saturation and pulse rate values

Blood pressure

Measurement of the force exerted on the walls of arteries during cardiac contraction and relaxation

Systolic pressure

Less than 120 mmHg is normal

Diastolic pressure

Occurs when sound of blood flowing through arm can no longer be heard. Less than 80 mmHg is normal

Typical blood pressure medical spot

Measured over brachial artery

Rapidly inflate cuff to what

180mmHg

Korotkoff

First sound heard is systolic pressure\

Diastolic pressure is recorded when

The knocking sounds stops

Hypotension

Below normal >95/60

Hypertension

Above normal 140/90. More common in men than women. Often referred to as “silent killer”

Normal blood pressure

120/80

How is oxygen prescribed?

By a doctor or physician

Oxygen

Makes up 21% of atmospheric gas. Not flammable but supports combustion. Colorless, tasteless, odorless

Is oxygen a drug?

Yes

Primary clinical indications for prescribing oxygen

Correct hypoxemia and possible tissue hypoxia

Can oxygen devices be removed for a procedure?

No

Oxygen is prescribed by

Liters per minute or as a concentration

Concentration

Written as a % or fractional # such as 0.24

Oxygen devices

Maybe continuous flow or conserving device systems

What does the oxygen flow meter look like

Green with oxygen on it. An upside down Christmas tree if it’s a wall unit

Ventilator

Artificial airway, inserted into trachea, need to do radiograph to confirm placement, NEVER SILENCE OR ALTER ALRARM SHSTEM.

Tent

Used for pediatric patients and covers bed. Can deliver O2 from 21% to 100%

Oxyhood

Used mainly for infants. Plastic box that fits over baby’s head

Masks types

-simple: covers nose/mouth. low flow

-nonrebreathing: one way valve to prevent exhaled air from being rebreathed

-partial rebrething: does not contain valve

-aerosol: high flow. Generates aerosol mist with per side oxygen

Mask

Not as well tolerated because of the interference with, speech, eating, sleeping, etc.

Nasal cannula

Most common, low flow. 1 to 4L easily tolerated

Outpatient oxygen

Maybe arrive with portable oxygen tank

Inpatient oxygen

May arrive with an oxygen tank under the stretcher

What is the most common device for oxygen delivery?

Nasal cannula

Mechanisms for homeostasis

Heartbeat, blood pressure, body temp, respiratory rate, electrolyte balance

Routes of body temp

Oral, axillary, tympanic, temporal, rectal