AP World U3&4

Soft Gold

A term referring to the lucrative trade in animal furs, which was a primary economic driver for Russian expansion into Siberia.

Yasak

A tribute system imposed on indigenous Siberian populations requiring them to pay in high-value furs to the Russian Tsar.

Millets

Religious autonomous communities within the Ottoman Empire that allowed Eastern Orthodox Christians to govern themselves under their own laws.

Shia Islam

The state religion established by the Safavid Dynasty in Persia, distinguishing it from neighboring Sunni realms.

Jizya

A tax historically imposed on non-Muslims in Islamic states, abolished under Mughal Emperor Akbar as a policy of religious accommodation.

Bullionism

An economic theory asserting a nation's wealth is measured by its accumulation of precious metals.

Casta System

A hierarchical social structure in Spanish America based on racial classifications, defining legal and social privileges.

Polo y Servicios

Forced agricultural labor taxes imposed on the native Filipino populace during Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

Chattel Slavery

A system of slavery in which individuals are treated as personal property that can be bought or sold, with no civil rights.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The forced transport of approximately 12.5 million Africans to the Americas as slaves between the 16th and 19th centuries.