Portage Learning Human Lifespan Development Module 1

Does Piaget's theory lean toward Nature or Nurture?

Nature (focus on cognitive development)

Does Freud's theory lean toward Nature or Nurture?

Both. (Id, Ego, and Superego =Nature, Psychosexual Stages =Nurture).

Does Erikson's theory lean toward Nature or Nurture?

Nurture (social influences)

Which theorists view development as being continuous?

Behaviorists (i.e. Skinner)

Which theorists view development as being discontinuous?

Stage Theorists (i.e. Freud, Erikson, Piaget)

Describe information processing theory

The human brain actively manipulates information in specific ways, like a computer.

Describe sociocultural theory

Cultural transmission and the role of key individuals in a person's life are extremely important to development.

Describe ecological theory

It is important to understand that an individual exists in many contexts.

Describe the nature side of the human development theory controversy

emphasizes biology and maturation. Essentially, one's genetics, personality, and innate characteristics will naturally enfold and cause one to develop in a particular way.

Describe the nurture side of the human development theory controversy

emphasizes the role of parents, other individuals, and the context in which one lives in assessing what primarily influences development.

Describe the biological dimension of human development

Physical change occurs throughout one's lifespan. Genetics must be considered. Development also occurs in response to physical environments.

Describe the social dimension of human development

Change occurs in a social setting of interaction with other humans in various social spheres.

Describe the emotional dimension of human development

An individual changes in how she/he regulates and experiences emotion.

Describe the cognitive dimension of human development

The individual changes in the way he/she thinks.

Why is the study of human development multidisciplinary?

It is especially important to those practicing in health professions, education, and the social sciences. For each of these professional fields, an understanding of the issues and complexities of specific age groups is key to helping people. It is important to study the whole person—for instance, health, thought processes, and emotions—since each type of development affects the others.

Why should human development be studied across the lifespan?

Human development occurs as a lifelong process, not just in childhood.

What does it mean that development is multidirectional?

Development involves both improvement and decline. This can be seen in the aspects of growth, aging, and maturation.

What is the first developmental stage in Erikson's theory?

Trust vs. Mistrust (Hope)

What is the second developmental stage in Erikson's theory?

Autonomy vs. Shame (Will)

What is the third developmental stage in Erikson's theory?

Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose)

What is the fourth developmental stage in Erikson's theory?

Industry vs. Inferiority (Competency)

What is the fifth developmental stage in Erikson's theory?

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Fidelity)

What is the sixth developmental stage in Erikson's theory?

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Love)

What is the seventh developmental stage in Erikson's theory?

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Care)

What is the eighth developmental stage in Erikson's theory?

Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Wisdom)

At what age does Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust stage occur?

0-1

At what age does Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame stage occur?

1-2

At what age does Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt stage occur?

3-5

At what age does Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority stage occur?

6-12

At what age does Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion stage occur?

12-20s

At what age does Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation stage occur?

20s-30s

At what age does Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation stage occur?

40s-60s

At what age does Erikson's Ego Integrity vs. Despair stage occur?

60s+

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development

sensorimotor stage (birth-2)

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development

Preoperational (2-7 yrs)

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development

concrete operational stage (7-11 yrs)

Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development

formal operational (12 yrs+)

What is child development determined by, according to Piaget?

Child development is determined by biological maturation and interaction with the environment.

What is the goal of Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Object permanence

What is the goal of Piaget's preoperational stage?

Symbiotic thought

What is the goal of Piaget's concrete operational stage?

Logical thought

What is the goal of Piaget's formal operational stage?

Scientific reasoning

What are schemas?

building blocks of knowledge

What are the four terms which explain Piaget's adaptation process?

equilibrium, disequilibrium, assimilation, accommodation

What does it mean to be in a state of equilibrium?

A child's existing schemas can explain what we perceive around us.

What does it mean to be in a state of disequilibrium?

A child becomes aware that he/she holds two contradictory views about a situation.

What does it mean to be in the process of assimilation?

A child fits new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding.

What does it mean to be in the process of accommodation?

A new experience is very different from what a child has encountered before, and his/her schemas need to be drastically changed.

Define classical conditioning and name the researcher who is credited with discovering it.

Ivan Pavlov studied the salivation of dogs and discovered that organisms learn to associate events/stimuli that repeatedly happen together

Define operant conditioning and name the researcher who coined the term.

B.F. Skinner - an organism operates on the environment based on positive or negative reinforcement

Define social learning and name a prominent theorist/social researcher who held this theory.

Albert Bandura studied imitation. Social learning emphasizes that people learn by observing others. Behavior can be shaped without reward or punishment.

Name a sociocultural theorist.

Lev Vygotsky - focused on how culture and knowledge is transmitted to the next generation

Describe ethological theories

Biological, focusing on animal behavior

What did Konrad Lorenz study?

imprinting in geese, which is important for its implications for human attachments and bonding

Describe the four dimensions of human development.

Biological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive