IGCSE_Chemistry

What are the three states of matter?

Solids, liquids, and gases.

What happens to the particles of a solid when it is heated?

Particles absorb thermal energy and vibrate more.

What term is used to describe the conversion of a solid to a liquid?

Melting.

How do gas particles behave compared to solid and liquid particles?

Gas particles are in constant random motion, have low density, and are easily compressed.

What principle explains the behavior of gas particles in a container?

Kinetic theory.

What is diffusion?

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What defines an isotope?

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

What is the periodic table?

An arrangement of elements based on increasing atomic number and grouped by similar properties.

What is a mixture?

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH(2n+2), where n is the number of carbon atoms.

What defines an acid in terms of proton donation?

An acid is a proton donor.

What is the pH scale used for?

To measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

What do catalysts do in chemical reactions?

They speed up the reaction without being consumed in the process.

What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids?

Strong acids are completely dissociated in solution, while weak acids are only partially dissociated.

What is electrolysis?

The decomposition of an ionic compound by passing an electric current through it.

What is the Haber process used for?

To produce ammonia for fertilizers.

What are alloys?

Mixtures of metals with other elements.

What does stoichiometry refer to in chemistry?

The relationship between quantities in a chemical reaction.

What are the properties of metals?

High melting points, high density, good conductors of heat and electricity.

What are transition metals known for?

They have variable oxidation states and can form colored compounds.

What does the law of conservation of mass state?

Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

How are chemical equations balanced?

By ensuring the same number of each type of atom appears on both sides.

What role do acids play in neutralization reactions?

They react with bases to produce a salt and water.

What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons.

What is the function of a solvent in a solution?

The substance that dissolves the solute.

What is combustion?

The chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen, producing heat and light.

What is the function of fertilizers?

To provide essential nutrients to plants for growth.

What is organic chemistry primarily concerned with?

The study of carbon-containing compounds.

How is water tested in a laboratory setting?

By measuring boiling and melting points and checking for impurities.

What is electrolysis?

A process that uses an electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

What type of compounds are typically decomposed by electrolysis?

Ionic compounds.

What are the main components required for electrolysis?

An electrolyte and electrodes.

What happens at the anode during electrolysis?

Oxidation occurs, with electrons being released.

What happens at the cathode during electrolysis?

Reduction occurs, with electrons being gained.

What is an electrolyte?

A substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water or molten.

What materials can electrodes be made of in electrolysis?

Typically, inert materials like platinum or graphite.

What is the effect of increasing the current during electrolysis?

It generally increases the rate of the reaction.

What are common applications of electrolysis?

Electroplating, electrorefining, and water splitting.

What safety precautions should be taken during electrolysis?

Proper ventilation, use of protective equipment, and avoiding contact with electric current.