Animal Phys Exam 2

proteins

linked amino acids, building blocks of life

enzymes

biological catalysts, BIG three characteristics: affinity, saturation, competition

structural

cytoskeleton proteins, tubulins, actins, keratins

transport

membrane channels, protein carriers

protection

chaperones, metal/ion chelators/transporters

classes of peptides

enzymes, structural, transport, protection

monosaccharides

“single” sugars, hexoses

disaccharides

two linked hexoses

polysaccharides

complex carbs, energy storage, structural support

glycosylation

process of adding carbs to another molecule

glycogenesis

glycogen synthesis, making glucose chains for energy storage

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen for energy use

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose into a pyruvate

passive diffusion

no ATP, movement from high concentration to low, occur via lipid bilayer

facilitated diffusion

no ATP, movement from high to low concentration, requires protein involvement, (ion channels, porins, permeases)

ion channels

membrane protein channels, ion specific: Na+, K+, Ca2+

gated channels

ligand, voltage, mechano

porins (open channels)

large channels/pores, aquaporins, aquaglyceroporins

permease

not a “channel”, binding causes conformational change only open to one side at once

antiporter

transports two molecules in opposite directions, exchanger, Na/K pumps

symporter

moves two molecules in same direction, CO-transporter

uniporter

transports one thing in one direction

membrane fluidity

components move through membrane to acclimate/acclimatize to changing condition, remodel to prevent damage

homoviscous adaptation (HVA)

alters composition of cellular membranes, ensures constant fluidic state, compensates for environmental changes (alters cell membrane to maintain homeostasis)

fatty acid chain (HVA 1/4)

want short fatty acid in positon 1 (short chain→less interactions→more mobility→more fluidity)

saturation (HVA 3/4)

unsaturation→less interaction, less fatty acids→more fluidity, double bonds provide flexibility, position of double bonds is crucial

phospholipids (HVA 3/4)

phosphatidylcholine(PC) vs phatidylethandamine (PE), PC= warm acclimated, PE= cold acclimated

cholesterol (HVA 4/4)

not a bifg interactive component normally, except during cold→more fluidity

mitochondria

double membrane-

outer: protection

inner: power, oxidative phosphorylation, transporters, 80% protein

mitochondria matrix

krebs cycle: 32 to 38 ATPs per glucose

cellular respiration

glycolysis→ decarboxylation of pyruvate→ krebs cycle→ electron transport chain

reactive oxygen species

not all energy is transfered, ETC is not 100% efficient, leakage of energy results in ROS

ROS

free radical→ unpaired electron, free radicals=ROS, ROS does not equal free radicals

ROS production

normal metabolism, free radical theory of aging

ROS damage

oxidative stress→oxidative damage