Conceptual Knowledge

"Who was the first person to create episodic and semantic memory?"

"Endel Tulving"

"What is episodic memory also referred to as?"

"Episodic = referred as autographical or biographical memory"

"What is semantic memory?"

"Semantic = general knowledge and/or facts about the world"

"What is conceptual knowledge?"

"Type of knowledge that enables people to form inferences about an objects or events' properties"

"What is a concept?"

"A particular mental representation of something to aid you in a cognitive task"

"What is categorization?"

"A process of taking items into one general group"

"What are categories?"

"Individual

"Why are categories helpful? (1 of 3)"

"Helps create general assumptions/expectations of something"

"Why are categories helpful? (2 of 3)"

"Helps create inferences of something unexpected"

"Why are categories helpful? (3 of 3)"

"Determines distinct characteristics of an item from a group"

"What is the definitional approach to categories?"

"Defining the object's characteristics helps figure out if something belongs to a particular category"

"What is a con of the definitional approach? (1 of 2)"

"Does not define an object's variations"

"What is a con of the definitional approach? (2 of 2)"

"Unable to include every variation from the item"

"What is family resemblance?"

"Every category has some similarities"

"What is the first type of family resemblance?"

"Prototype"

"What is a prototype?"

"The most common features throughout each of the categories"

"What is prototype perception?"

"Understanding an object is much easier if it is closer to the prototype"

"What is a con of prototypes? (1 of 4)"

"Previous exposure to something increases the likelihood to process something easier"

"What is a con of prototypes? (2 of 4)"

"Something that is more exposed is more likely to be processed easier"

"What is a con of prototypes? (3 of 4)"

"Propaganda effect"

"What is a con of prototypes? (4 of 4)"

"People are more likely to rate an overall thing much higher than individual components"

"What is the second type of family resemblance?"

"Exemplar Approach"

"How does the exemplar approach differ from the prototype approach in creating prototypes?"

"Does not involve creating prototypes"

"What does the exemplar approach involve comparing to?"

"Involves comparing to real-life things rather than abstract items"

"What does the exemplar approach involve figuring out?"

"Involves figuring out how much it resembles the category rather than its meaning"

"In the exemplar approach

what does a more specific exemplar lead to?"

"What is the exemplar approach used to explain?"

"Used to explain unique variations to something compared to prototype"

"What does the exemplar approach help figure out?"

"Helps figure out what is the most common feature between multiple categories"

"Prototypes vs. exemplars: Prototypes are more effective at what size of categories?"

"Prototypes are more effective at larger categories"

"Prototypes vs. exemplars: What is a prototype helpful for figuring out?"

"Prototype is helpful to figure out how something works generally"

"Prototypes vs. exemplars: Exemplars are helpful for what size of categories?"

"Exemplar is helpful for smaller categories"

"Prototypes vs. exemplars: What is an exemplar helpful for figuring out?"

"Exemplar is helpful to figure out variations of a category"

"What is verification?"

"Being given a word and determining if it is true"

"What is production?"

"A type of retrieval that uses a specific cue to recall something"

"What did Alan Collins & Ross Quillian create?"

"Created a framework to interpret semantic memory"

"Which model did Alan Collins & Ross Quillian create to interpret semantic memory?"

"Hierarchal Network Model"

"Hierarchal Network Model: What do nodes represent?"

"Nodes represent the connection between two or more items"

"Hierarchal Network Model: What does it consist of?"

"Consists of basic elements AKA basic understanding of something"

"Hierarchal Network Model: How is information organized?"

"Organized information through a hierarchy"

"Hierarchal Network Model: What is the Assumption of Cognitive Economy also known as?"

"Assumption of Cognitive Economy AKA mind map"

"Assumption of Cognitive Economy: What happens to the features of a particular group?"

"Features of a particular group are inherited into the sub-categories"

"Assumption of Cognitive Economy: How much time is used to go from the group?"

"Uses a lot of time to go from the group"

"Hierarchal Network Model experiment: What were participants asked to do?"

"Asked participants to say yes or no towards multiple questions regarding the characteristics and type of category"

"Hierarchal Network Model experiment: What do the type of category (superset) and characteristics involve?"

"Type of category (superset) and characteristics involve moving up the category"

"Hierarchal Network Model experiment: What were people able to do more quickly?"

"People were able to recognize characteristics in superset category more quickly"

"Hierarchal Network Model experiment: What did they discover about semantic priming?"

"Discover that semantic priming is involved with sentence verification"

"Hierarchal Network Model experiment: When does faster processing occur?"

"Faster processing occurs when unique characteristics are settled in different level of the hierarchy"

"What is a problem with the Hierarchal Network Model? (1 of 2)"

"Unable to explain how people can identify more common things than uncommon things"

"What is a problem with the Hierarchal Network Model? (2 of 2)"

"Going up two or more categories"

"What is the Feature Comparison Model?"

"Involves comparing features from two or more groups to see if it is familiar"

"Feature Comparison Model: What are defining features?"

"Whatever necessary information is used to define something"

"Feature Comparison Model: What are characteristic features?"

"Whatever is common within a group"

"Feature Comparison Model: What else does it involve?"

"Involves figuring out yourself if a connection exists"

"Feature Comparison Model Stage 1: What is the question?"

"Figure out the characteristics between two or more categories"

"Feature Comparison Model Stage 1: What do you figure out with defining and characteristic features?"

"Figure out the similarities with defining and characteristic features"

"Feature Comparison Model Stage 1: What do you determine?"

"Determine the amount of similarity between two or more categories"

"Feature Comparison Model: When do you go into Stage 2?"

"Having little-moderate similarity involves going into stage 2"

"Feature Comparison Model Stage 2: What does it involve comparing?"

"Involves comparing the defining features"

"Feature Comparison Model Stage 2: What do you figure out after comparing the defining features?"

"Then figuring out if something matches or not"

"Feature Comparison Model pros and cons: What does it not help explain?"

"Does not help explain why priming occurs"

"Feature Comparison Model pros and cons: What does it help explain?"

"Helps explain why recognizing common things than uncommon things"

"Feature Comparison Model pros and cons: What is the problem with a property of something?"

"Property of something is vague to define"

"What did Loftus and Collins believe about how information is stored?"

"Believed that information is stored through networks like a mind map"

"Spreading Activation Network Model: What happens when recalling something?"

"Recalling something goes throughout the other associations"

"Spreading Activation Network Model: What does the strength of association depend on?"

"The strength of association depends on the length between the links"

"Spreading Activation Network Model: What does each network have?"

"Each network has different features associated with them"

"What is a Lexical Decision Task?"

"A type of task that a group of letters create a single word"

"Meyer and Schavaneldt: What did they measure?"

"Measured how quickly someone can form a word"

"Meyer and Schavaneldt: What did they not consider using?"

"Did not consider using obvious words"

"Meyer and Schavaneldt: When are faster responses associated?"

"Faster responses are associated if both words are related to each other previous words"

"Neely's experiment: What was presented to participants?"

"Presented one word and asked to figure out if the next representation is a word"

"What is Stimulus Onset Asynchrony?"

"The time gap between the presentation of a stimulus"

"Neely's conditions: What does the no shift category express?"

"Expresses the likelihood of getting a word from the same category"

"Neely's conditions: What does the shift category express?"

"Expresses the likelihood of getting a word from a different category"

"Neely's results: What does the Y axis measure?"

"Y axis measures the reaction time to the next word after getting the prime"

"Neely's results: What does a higher SOA mean?"

"Higher SOA means a larger time gap between the next intervals"

"Neely's results: What does a lower SOA mean?"

"Lower SOA means a shorter time gap between the next intervals"

"Neely's no shift condition: What is faster?"

"Faster RT for getting the word from the same category"

"Neely's no shift condition: Does it get impacted by shorter or longer interval time gaps (SOA)?"

"Does not get impacted from shorter or longer interval time gaps (SOA)"

"Neely's no shift condition: What happens to performance after a longer time gap until the next word?"

"Performance gets worse after a longer time gap until the next word"

"Neely's results: What happens to RT when the word matches expectation?"

"Matches expectation = faster RT"

"Neely's results: What happens to RT when the word mismatches expectation?"

"Mismatches expectation = slower RT"

"Neely's shift condition results: What does getting the word body result in?"

"Getting the word body results in 2/3 likeihood to get a word related to building"

"Neely's shift condition results: What happens to performance when getting a word related to building?"

"Performance remains stagnant when getting a word related to building"

"Neely's shift condition results: What is the result for getting a word related to body?"

"Getting a word related to body after 700ms between intervals"

"Neely's summary: What can the memory network use to find information easily?"

"Memory network can use similarity to find information easily"

"Neely's summary: What can happen?"

"Automatic connections can happen"

"Neely's summary: How can automatic connections be controlled?"

"Automatic connections can be controlled through some strategies"

"What did the Connectionist Approach try to do?"

"Tried to represent cognitive processes through computer models"

"What is the Connectionist Approach also called?"

"Parallel Distributed Processing"

"Connectionist Approach: What does the overall activity throughout the network represent?"

"The overall activity throughout the network represents the amount of knowledge that you have"

"Connectionist Approach: What do weights represent?"

"Weights represent the overall concept of something"

"Connectionist Approach: How does learning occur?"

"Neural Networks"

"What is Embodied Cognition?"

"Sensory and motor processes are activated when some concept is interacted with"

"What are affordances?"

"Understanding what you can do with an object"

"What are mirror neurons?"

"Specific neurons in the motor cortex that fires when doing a particular action and seeing someone doing a particular action"

"Mirror neurons: Where are they located?"

"Located in the frontal lobe"

"Mirror neurons: What are they considered a subset of?"

"Considered a subset from motor computation neurons"

"Mirror neurons: What are they important for?"

"Important for mimic or emulate a person's personality"

"Mirror neurons: What do they have for different types of senses?"

"Has sub types for different types of senses"