HHD 3/4 exam

Health and wellbeing

The state of a persons physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Dynamic

• continually changing

• eg:

  • gaining weight

subjective

• viewed in many different ways

• eg:

  • income

illness

• a subjective concept

• related to personal experience of a disease or injury

illness is dynamic

• changes constantly as a person experiences disease or injury

• changes may be rapid and produce obvious changes or occur gradually

• eg:

  • breaking a bone

  • healing a bone

illness is subjective

• different people may experience diseases and injuries in different ways

• can be influenced by a range of factors and experiences

• eg:

  • a person with a high threshold for pain may experience a lower level of illness than a person with a low threshold of pain even if theur diseses or injuries are the same.

physical health and wellbeing

relates to the state and functioning of the body and its systems: which incluedes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

• healthy body weight

• optimal levels of energy

• appropriate levels of fitness

social health and wellbeing

relates to the state and quality of the interactions and relationships that an individual has with other people. It includes the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations

• supportive and well functioning family

• productive relationships with other people

• effective communication with others

emotional health and wellbeing

relates to the ability to express feelings in an appropriate way. It is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions.

• high levels of resilience

• recognise and understand emotional reactions + actions

• experience appropriate emotions in given scenarios

mental health and wellbeing

the current state of wellbeing relating to a persons mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. including thought patterns, self-esteem and levels of stress and anxiety

• high levels of confidence

• low levels of stress and anxiety

• use logical reasoning to form opinions and make decisions

spiritual health and wellbeing

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings,

• peace and hope

• developed personal values and beliefs

• acting according to values and beliefs

the relationship between all 5 dimensions

• a change in one dimension can contribute to changes in the other dimension

• not all dimensions will be affected in the same way or to the same degrees

benefits of optimal health and wellbeing (individually)

• health and wellbeing is a characteristic of human existence

• health and wellbeing can be used to improve human life but cannot be directly traded or sold for goods and services

aspects of optimal health and wellbeing (individually)

• work productively

• reduced healthcare costs

• gain an education

• earn an income

• exercise

• effectively run a household

• spend time with friends

• work towards their purpose in life

• increase leisure time

• live independently

• sleep well

benefits of optimal health and wellbeing (nationally)

• health and wellbeing has a number of social and economic benefits for a countrys population as a whole

aspects of optimal health and wellbeing (nationally)

• longer, healthier lives

• health system savings

• fewer people relying on social security

• increased productivity

• higher average income

• reduced stress and anxiety in the community

• increased social participation

benefits of optimal health and wellbeing (globally)

optimal health and wellbeing provides a range of benefits for the population on a global scale

aspects of optimal health and wellbeing (globally)

• reduces risk of disease transmission between countries

• assists in promoting peace and stability

• promotes economic development

• promotes social development

• promotes sustainabaility

health status

an individuals or populations overall level of health and wellbeing taking into account various indicators such as life expectancy

self-assessed health status

• an individuals own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general

• often collected from population surveys

life expectancy

• the number of years of life, on average remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.

• eg:

  • men 81 years

  • women 85 years

health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

• the average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health

• that is time lived without the health consequences if disease or injury

mortality

relates to death within a population

• usally expressed per 1000 or 100,000 people

infant mortality rates

deaths in children between birth and their first birthday

• usually measured per 1000 live births

under 5 mortality rates

relates to deaths in children between birth and their fifth birthday

• usually measured per 1000 live births

maternal mortality rate

death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within 6 weeks of delivery

• usually measured per 100,000 women who give birth or per 100,000 live births

morbidity

ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population

• rate of how many people suffer from a particular condition during a given period of time

incidence

refers to the number of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given time period

prevalence

the total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

burden of disease

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

• measured in a unit called the DALY

Disability - adjusted life year (DALY)

a measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lose due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability for people living with the health condition or its consequences

Years of life lost ( YLL)

a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death

• fatal component of burden of disease

years lived with disability (YLD)

a measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease, injury or diability

• non-fatal component of burden of disease

smoking + cardiovascualr disease

• tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, contributes to increased blood pressure and heart rate

• chemicals in tobacco speed up the process of atherosclerosis which increases the risk of heart attack and stroke

• chemicals thicken the blood, making it sticky and likely to form blood clots

Smoking + cancer

• causes a fault in body cells as they divide, leading to a tumor and therefore cancer

Smoking + prenatal/infant health outcomes

• tobacco use during pregnancy reduces blood flow to the baby, reducing the amount of nutrients available increasing low birth weight

smoking + asthama

• exposure to tobacco smoke early in life (second hand smoking) increases the risk of developing asthma

Smoking + chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

tobacco smoke contributes to COPD by causing inflammation of the airways and destroying the air sac in the lungs, where gas exchange occurs

Smoking + back pain/problems

smoking reduces blood flow to cells, including those in the spine. The discs that provide protection to the vertabrae experience lower access to nutrients and oxygen, contributing to degradation and the associated pain

smoking + infectious diseases

exposure to tobacco smoke can lower immune function and increase the risk of contracting infectious diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia

smoking (definition)

smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absored into the bloodstream

alcohol misue (definition)

relates to the excessive consumption of alcohol and includes alcoholism and binge-drinking

Alcohol + overweight and obesity

alcohol contains kilojules and therefore energy which means it can increase the chancesof an individual gaining weight. over a period of time, alcohol use can contribute to a person becoming overweight or obese

Alcohol + cancer

when alcohol is metabolised, a chemical is created that can damage DNA and lead to the growth of cancerous tumors

alcohol and liver disease

excessive consumption can cause inflammation and scarring of the liver tissue, which can lead to the liver not functioning properly and toxins remaining in the body. over time this can lead to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver

Alcohol + injuries

Judgement and motor control are affected by alcohol use. As a result falls and road traffic injuries are a significant cause of burden of disease attributable to alcohol use.

Alcohol + mental health issues

alcohol is a depressant and some studies suggest that people with depressive symptoms are more likely to misuse alcohol and develop alcohol dependance in their younger years.

Alcohol + prenatal infant health outcomes

consumption of alcohol whilst pregnant increases the risk of premature birth, low birth weight and FASD (foetal alcohol spectrum disorder)

overweight + obesity (definition)

relates to carrying excess body weight that negatively impacts Health and wellbeing

overweight and obesity + cardiovascualr disease

being overweight usually means there is a greater strain on the heart which increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke

overweight and obesity + cancer

• fat cells send signals out to the rest of the body which can lead to inflammation and higher levels of growth hormone being released,

• both of these result in a higher rate of cell division, increasing the risk of the production of abnormal, cancerous cells (such as breast)

overweight and obesity + kidney disease

increases the risk of high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes, which are two significant risk factors for kidney disease

overweight and obesity + type 2 diabetes

• type 2 diabetes causes the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the body cannot use the insulin effectively

• fat cells release a type of fatty acid into the blood stream that is thought to lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

overweight and obesity + osteoarthritis

overweight and obesity puts more pressure on joints which can contribute to osteoarthritis (characterised by the degredation of cartilage)

overweight and obesity + back pain

excess body weight places extra strain on the spine and muscles in the back, contributing to significant levels of back pain

overweight and obesity + asthma

research indicates that the inflammatory substances released by fat tissue may impair lung function and lead to asthma

overweight and obesity + mental health issues

overweight and obesity can contribute to conditions such as anxiety and depression. Children experiencing overweight and obesity can be particularly susceotible to these conditions

overweight and obesity + dementia

the inflammation caused by the excess body weight can contribute to reduced brain function and dementia

overweight and obesity + maternal health conditions

pregnant women are more susceptible to a range of pregnancy related conditions including high blood pressure and gestational diabetes

low intake of fibre

fibre is a type of carbohydrate that is required for optimal health and wellbeing

low intake of fibre + overweight and obesity

both types of fibre travel through the digestive system, this promotes feelings of fullness or satiety, which means that low intake can contribute to overeating

low intake of fibre + colectoral cancer

fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of abnormal cells developing, especially in the colon and rectum

low intake of fibre + cardiovascular disease

soluble fibre attaches to particles of LDL to excrete them and as a result soluable fibre helps to decrease levels of cholesterol in the body

low intake of fibre + type 2 diabetes

fibre reduces the absoprtion of glucose, which is protective in relation to type 2 diabetes because it takes pressure off the pancreas

underconsumption of fruit and vegetables

fruits and vegetables are nutrient dense, high in minerals and vitamins, low in kj and high in fibre and antioxidants

underconsumption of fruit and veggies + overweight and obesity

consuming fruit and veggies, instead of energy dense foods can assist with weight management and reduce the risk of overweight and obesity

underconsumption of fruit and vegetables + cardiovascualr disease/cancer

the antioxidants in fruit and vegetables target free radicals and eliminate them from the body, thereby reducing the health status impacts associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer

underconsumption of fruit and vegetables + neural tube defects

folate plays a significant role in the development of the brain and spinal cord during the prenatal stage of the life span

underconsumption of dairy foods

dairy foods relate to animal milk and products created from animal milk, including cheese and yoghurt

underconsumption of dairy foods + osteoporosis

dairy foods provide calcium, a mineral essential for a range of functions in the human body, including the strengthening if bines and the prevention of osteoporosis

underconsumption of dairy foods + cardiovascualr disease

underconsumption of dairy foods has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke

underconsumption of dairy foods + colorectal cancer

people who regulalry consume more than one serve of dairy products each day have a reduced risk of developing colorectal cancer

underconsumption of dairy foods + type 2 diabetes

consuming refined sugars and carbohydrates instead, might increase the risk of overweight young adults developing type 2 diabetes

underconsumption of dairy foods + dental caries

underconsumption of dairy foods can mean that teeth are not as strong as they could be increasing the risk of dental caries

high intake of fat

fats (lipids) play a number of roles in relation to health and wellbeing. More likely to be overconsumed

High intake of fat + overweight and obesity

excessive consumption of any type of fat can therefore be stored for a source of enegry and will contribute to overweight and obesity and the associated conditions

high intake of fat + cardiovascular disease

saturated and trans fats increase LDL cholesterol levels increasing the risk of CVD. however they can also decrease HDL choloesterol levels increasing heart disease and stroke

high intake of fat + type 2 diabetes

dietes high in saturated and trans fats have been shown to change the composition of cell membranes, which can interfere with the transport of glucose into the cell, increasing the impact of impaired glucose regulation and the risk of type 2 diabetes

high intake of fat + colorectal cancer

a high fat diet can cause changes in the digestive system that increase inflammation. That inflammation can lead to increased cell division and the risk of cancer

High intake of salt

sodium is required for optimal human functioning but too much can contribute to negative health outcomes

high intake of salt + hypertension

high levels of sodium in the body can draw fluid out of the cells and into the bloodstream. This increases the amount of blood in the blood vessels, adding strain on the heart which increased blood pressure

high intake of salt + cardiovascular disease

hypertension associated with excess sodium intake contributes to higher rates of stroke and heart attack

high intake of salt + osteoporosis

when excess sodium is filtered through the kidneys, calcium is often removed and excreted in urine as well, which can lead to the demineralisation of bones and osteoporosis

high intake of sugar (definition)

sugars are a type of carbohydrate found naturally in some foods, such as fruit and honey and added to many processed foods, such as confectionary, sugar-sweetened soft drinks and cordials, fruit drinks, vitamins waters, energy and sports drinks

High intake of sugar + overweight and obesity

sugars are required as a fuel for enegry production but if consumed in excess, they are stored as adispose (fat) tissue and overtime this can lead to weight gain and overweight and obesity

high intake of sugar + dental caries/dental disease

sugars provide a food source for bacteria in the mouth and these bacteria acids that can contribute to the decay of tooth enamel and the development of dental caries

biological factors (definition)

relate to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function

examples of biological factors

• body weight

• age

• blood pressure’

• blood cholesterol

• glucose regulation

• birth weight

• genetics (including sex and hormones)

body weight

overweight and obesity are biological factors that can impact health and wellbeing and influence other biological factors

body weight impact on health status

excess body weight places a strain on the heart, increasing blood pressure and contributing to hypertension. → hypertension increases the incidence of heart attack and stroke, which leads to higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy

body weight impact on health and wellbeing

• people experiencing overweight or obesity may face social exclusion and discrimination leading to low self esteem (mental h+w)

• more likely to avoid certain social activities such as going to the beach which can limit social interactions (social h+w)

age

as people get older, the body begins ti display the impact of the accumulation of years of cellular damage

age impact on health status

aging increases the incidence and prevalence of a range of conditions, including hearing loss, cataracts and other sight disorders, back and neck pain, osteoathritis, chronic obstructuve pulmonary disease, diabetes, depression and dementia

age impact on health and wellbeing

• reduced cognitive functioning among older groups which can reduce the ability to problem solve impacting mental health and wellbeing

• a decrease in quality of relationships for people who experience chronic disease or mobility issues and might find it difficult to stay socially connected social health and wellbeing

blood pressure

as blood circulates around the body through the blood vessels, it applies pressure to the blood vessel walls. As the heart contracts and the blood is pushed around the body, this pressure increases. As the heart relaxes and fills with more blood, the pressure on the walls decreases

blood pressure impacts on health status

• hypertension means the heart is working harder, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke contributing to increased mortality rates and lower life expectancy

blood pressure impacts on health and wellbeing

unmanged hypertension can cause a range of symptoms including headaches, dizziness, lack of energy and breathing difficulties (physical health and wellbeing)

blood cholesterol (definition)

cholesterol is a type of fat and high blood cholesterol is a biological factor that contributes to many differences in health outcomes between groups.

blood cholesterol impacts on health status

to much LDL cholesterol leads to the narrowing of blood vessels (atherosclerosis) which increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease, particularly heart attack and stroke

blood cholesterol impacts on health and wellbeing

restricted blood flow to the brain can interfere with thought processes, including processing information and problem solving abilities, impacting mental health and wellbeings