learning

"In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the"

conditioned stimulus.

Eric learned to care for his own children by observing the many ways his parents carefully nurtured his siblings. This best illustrates the value of

prosocial behavior.

"After Tim was scratched by a cat, he became afraid of all cats. He has since been exposed to many non-aggressive cats in safe settings, and his fear of cats has gradually faded. Tim s diminishing fear of cats best illustrates"

extinction

"In classical conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response is referred to as"

extinction.

"Colin tends to wet his bed because he is dreaming and doesn t wake up in time to get to the bathroom. Because his bedwetting is embarrassing, Colin now becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If getting ready for bed to go to sleep at night subsequently makes Colin unusually anxious, this would best illustrate"

generalization.

"Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley’s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________."

conditioned response

Punishment is defined as

an event that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows.

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

negative punishment.

"To change a child's undesirable behaviors, psychologists would advise parents to make greater use of"

reinforcement than of punishment.

"When Veronica is unkind to her younger brother Sammy, her parents instruct her to do all of Sammy s chores. Afterward, Veronica is more attentive to how she treats Sammy. In this case, the extra chores are a"

positive punishment

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus was challenged by

Garcia and Koelling s findings on taste aversion in rats.

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

evolution by natural selection

The fact that each species comes predisposed to learn things that are crucial to its survival demonstrates

biological preparedness.

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Taste aversion demonstrates

biological limits on classical conditioning.

Which of the following is NOT part of the explanation for why the children responded the way they did in the Bandura Bobo doll experiment?

The child has to have an aggressive personality.

"An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by"

a biopsychosocial approach.

According to the textbook, what condition should, if present, lead to the greatest benefits of watching a model according to the causal model of observational learning in your textbook?

the observer must be motivated to copy the observed behavior.

Which of the following are potential implications of Bandura’s theory?

All of the implications follow from the theory.

Learning to anticipate consequences by watching others is related to

vicarious punishment.

Abran wears his collar turned up because he noticed that his older brother Levi and Levi s friends all do so. This illustrates the importance of

modeling

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

"Trevor s parents recently allowed him to watch a violent superhero movie for the first time. Shortly afterward, Trevor body-slammed his friend while they were playing. This is something he does not normally do. His change in behavior may be related to"

imitation

Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of

observational learning.

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

"Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light."

cognitive map

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

"In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed"

partial