AP Euro Unit 2 Test

Protestant Reformation

• 16th century

• Response to widespread dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church

• A religious revolution → fragmented religion / split the church

• Led to wars, conflict, and fundamental change to almost every aspect of society

Martin Luther

• Christian Humanist -16th century

• Questioned traditional Christianity - criticized church for indulgences and the loss of emphasis (by the church) on God’s grace

• Became #viral - translated New Testament into German (vernacular)

95 Theses

• Martin Luther pinned complaints to the door of the Wittenberg Church, criticizing the church and papal corruption

• Written in Latin → later written in vernacular and spread w/printing press

• Pope Leo X condemns 41 of the 95 theses and issues the Papal Bull telling Luther to recant

What are the forms of corruption in the Church that Luther critisizes

• Lavish lifestyles led by the officials

• Nepotism

• Simonism

• Pluralism

• Indulgence

Nepotism

Giving important church positions to close relative or family

Simonism

Selling/purchasing religious positions

Pluralism

Holding multiple church positions: status and wealth

Immorality

The decline in moral standards of clergy and monks

Indulgences

• Selling remissions of sins/pardons to crimes for money

• Promoted by Pope Leo X

Justification by faith / salvation by faith alone

• One of Luther’s ideas

• Sola fide (faith alone)

• Faith in God was a Christian’s only way to Salvation as opposed to the practice of the Church where you can do acts of good or help the poor in order to reach the salvation

Priesthood of all believers

• One of Luther’s ideas

• ALL Christians have access to God without the assistance of priests/bishops/pope

Primacy of Scripture

• One of Luther’s ideas

• Sola scriptura (scripture alone)

• The bible was the primary source of spiritual authority - instead of the Pope

Diet of Worms

• Luther appears in front of council and refuses to recant his ideas

• Pope Leo X exiles him

• Luther takes refuge in Wartburg Caste by patron Fredrick the Wise

Printing press

• Johannes Gutenberg in 1450

• Protestant reformers used the printing press to disseminate (spread) their ideas

  • Spurred religious reform - spread farther and faster

Vernacular Bibles

• Allowed individuals to read and interpret the Bible for themselves instead of relying on the interpretation made by the Church

• Promoted an increase in literacy/education

German Peasant War

• 1500s

• Peasants demanding rights and better treatment

• Brutally suppressed - demands mostly ignored

• Peasants were inspired by Luther’s ideas but Luther did not support them because he did not want violence

John Clavin

• French

• Institutes of Christian religion - calling for religious and political reform in Geneva and Switzerland

• New ideas: Predestination and The Elect

Predestination

• God already knew who was going to be saved at birth

• Those chosen by God to be saved (known as The Elect) would act in such a way to insure people were living according to God’s law

Anabaptists

• A significant splinter group during the Protestant Reformation

• Shared some beliefs with other reformers but diverged mainly on the issue of babtism

  • Argued that people should be baptized as adults so that they have a choice

• Less patriarchal

Huguenots

• 16th century

• French Calvinists

• Represented 10% of population and 40% of Nobles

  • Nobles preferred Protestantism over Catholicism because Protestantism would decrease the centralized power of the catholic monarchy/church

• Lots of bloodshed/conflict

Puritans

English Protestants with Calvinist ideas (Pilgrims)

Henry VIII

• SIX

• Tudor King - supports Pope at first

  • When he wants a divorce but the Pope doesn’t allow it he splits from the Church with the Act of Supremacy and creates the Church of England (Anglican Church)

• Anglican Church is very similar to Catholic Church

English Reformation

• 16th century

• Church of England broke away from the Pope and Roman Catholic phase

  • Henry VIII - Act of Supremacy

  • Edward VI - 10 years old, influenced by Protestant officials - mostly Protestant

  • Bloody Mary - Executed hundreds of Protestants and restored Catholicism

  • Elizabeth I - More neutral - England = protestant nation

Charles V

• Holy Roman Emperor in 16th century

• Made Peace of Augsburg

• Exiled Martin Luther in Diet of Worms

Habsburg family

• Ruled a collection of Central and European kingdoms and territories

• Ruled Holy Roman Empire almost continuously

• In power from 13th century to 1918

• Dynasty

• 16th century - Splint into Spanish Hapsburgs and Austrian Hapsburgs

Holy Roman Empire

• A vast complex of territories in central Europe that existed for over a million years

• Rule by The Hapsburg family from 1438 to 1806

• Collapsed in 1806 due to internal divisions and the Protestant Reformation

Peace of Augsburg

• 1555

• A compromise made by Charles V dividing Hapsburg/Holy Roman Empire between his two catholic sons: Phillip II and Ferdinand

• Stated that: He who rules the land determines the religion

  • Princes could choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism

  • Lutheranism victory - local princes decide the religion

    • Does not apply to Calvinism or other protestant branches

Wars of Religion

• Period of conflicts between Catholicism and Protestantism

• France, Spain, England, and Netherlands

Wars of Religion in France

• Huguenots

• Bourbon Family

• Guise Family

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• “The War of the Three Henrys”  

• Edict of Nantes

Who were the Bourbon and Guise families

• In Francef

• Bourbon were ultra protestant, strongly opposed Guise

• Guise Family were ultra catholic, strongly opposed Calvinists and the Bourbons

The War of the Three Henrys

• Henry III, controlled by his mother Catherine de Medici (Catholic)

  • Assassinated, by a Catholic monk

• Henry of Guise, Catholic and supported by Spain. Assassinated as well

• Throne claimed by Henry of Navarre, crowned Henry IV

What is a politique?

Moderate Catholic and Protestant statesmen who believed that a strong, functional monarchy and national survival mattered more than enforcing religious uniformity

Wars of Religion in Spain

• Peace of Augsburg - Charles V

• King Philip II - strong advocate for Catholicism

• Failure of the Spanish Armada

King Philip II of Spain

• Very Catholic

• Very wealthy from bullion and Spanish colonies

• Centralized power, Spain becomes really powerful

• Imposed military and power through the Spanish Inquisition

• Hates Elizabeth I for aiding Dutch rebels (Revolt of the Netherlands) and rejecting his marriage proposal (was married to Mary Tudor)

• Failure of the Spanish Armada

Failure of the Spanish Armada

• 1588

• Philip II wants to convert England to Catholicism. Gathers the most powerful Navy, attacks and the Spanish armada loses to England (Elizabeth I). Big Failure. 

Wars of Religion in England

• Phillip II married Mary Tudor, but she later dies

• Elizabeth I’s (daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn)

• Elizabethan religious settlement

Elizabethan religious settlement

• Makes moderate Protestantism the official religion

• “The Virgin Queen” - No marriage cause it will take power away from her

• No direct war, constantly supported foreign rebel groups to keep the enemy busy

  • Dutch protestant rebels, Henry of Navarre in France

• True politique - allowed religious toleration

• Sponsors voyages of discovery & the arts (Shakespeare’s time)

• Puritans

Wars of Religion in Netherlands

• Wealthiest country in Europe; a center of banking and shipping

• Tolerant of religion, so a center of Calvinism

• Cared about business and financial system = open to all customers (no matter what religion you’re from)

• 80-year war or Dutch War of Independence (from Spain)

• Holy Roman Empire (HRE)

  • Huge fragmentation → 360 autonomous political entities

• Large kingdoms controlled by powerful electors (Frederick the Wise)

80-year war or Dutch War of Independence (from Spain)

• Revolt against policies of Phillip II 

• Dutch Resistance is lead by William of Orange

• Gains independence in 1648 (Peace of Westphalia)

Holy Roman Empire (HRE) - Huge fragmentation

• Allowed for rebellions and conflicts between religious groups

• North (top) is a more Catholic, South (bottom) is more Protestant

• 1648 marked the beginning of the end of HRE

  • “They limp around for a few more centuries”

  • This was when most Prussian states gained their independence

Catherine de’ Medici

• Mother of Henry III, Charles IX, and Francis II

  • Served as power behind the throne and regent for her sons

• Catholic

• Harsh and misguided tactics

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• In France

• 1572

• Thousands of Calvinists killed under Catherine de Medici

Henry IV of France

• Originally known has Henry of Navarre

• Turns Catholic (majority religion) to appease the people and end the war

• Example of a politique

Edict of Nantes

• In France

• 1598

• Declares Catholicism as France’s official religion, but compromises and gave Calvinists a place to worship

Thirty Year’s War

• 1618 - 1648

• Catholics vs. Calvinists - “last of the religious wars”

• European-wide fight, Frederick IV (Calvinist) forms the Protestant Union

• Duke Maximillian (Catholic) forms the Catholic League of German States

• Four Phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French - Swedish

Bohemian Phase of Thirty Year’s War

• Catholics winning

• Protestant nobility revolts against Ferdinand II

• Defenestration of Prague (1618)

• Replaces Ferdinand with Palatine Elector Frederick V

• Spain and Maximillian defeats Frederick’s troops at the Battle of White Mountain

Danish Phase of Thirty Year’s War

• Catholics winning

• King of Denmark, Christian IV encouraged to invade Germany 

  • Put down by Maximillian

• Use of mercenary armies → cruel sacking and pillaging

• Edict of Restitution

Edict of Restitution

Demands Lutherans to give up all seized Church land and reaffirms illegality of Calvinism.

Swedish Phase of Thirty Year’s War

• Tide is turning in favor of the Protestants

• Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden (Brilliant red-head general), turns the tide of the war, but is later killed

• Sweden has a really dominant military at the time

• Annuls Edict of Restitution

French - Swedish Phase of Thirty Year’s War

• Stalemate

• Complete Chaos and Disorder

• French, Swedish, and Spanish loot Germany with mercenaries

Defenestration of Prague

• 1618

• The event that began the war

• Protestants threw Catholic ministers out the window into a pile of manure

Peace of Westphalia

• 1648

• Reinstates the Peace of Augsburg

• Calvinism officially recognized

• Swiss Confederacy and the Netherlands recognized as independent

• France established military dominance and gains land

• No more wars will be fought in Europe directly over religion after this. 

Ottoman Empire

• Transcontinental - centered in modern-day Turkey

• Spanned much of Southeastern Europe, West Asia, and N. Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries

Religious toleration

Policy or practice of allowing people to practice different religions without facing state punishment.

Religious pluralism

The toleration of multiple religious views

Catholic Reformation

• The Counter/Catholic Reformation- revitalized the Catholic Church

  • Revival of mysticism and monasticism

• Response to issues in Protestantism

Mysticism and monasticism

• Mysticism: Connection with the divine

• Monasticism: Fully devote to spiritual work

Council of Trent

• Church leaders met intermittently from 1545 - 1563

• Reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs

• Reformed Catholic doctrine

• Refuted Protestant ideas

What traditional Catholic beliefs did the Council of Trent reaffirm?

• Equal validity of scripture, traditions and writing of Church fathers

• Salvation through good work and faith

• All 7 sacraments are valid

• Monstascism, clerical celibacy and purgatory

What reforms were made in the Council of Trent?

• Ends sale of indulgence and simony (not morally wrong)

• Bishop more control over clergy and seminaries to train priests

• Index of Forbidden Books + stronger inquisition

• Creation of Religious Orders

Jesuit Order

• Late 1400s and 1500s

• Religious order led by Ignatius of Loyola (Soldier of God)

  • Reform church through education, Missionary work and fight protestants

Roman Inquisition

• 1542

• Tribunal responsible for prosecuting, individuals accused of a wide array of crimes relating to religious or alternative religious beliefs

Index of Prohibited Books

Pope Paul IV works with Charles V to ban writings critical of the Catholic Church

St. Teresa of Avila

• 1500s

• Spanish Carmelite nun, prominent mystic, and religious reformer

• Addressed need for reform in Carmelite order by confronting the secular nature of the church and insisted on the important of personal prayer

Ursuline nuns

• Est. 16th century

• Christian education for girls and young women by women

• Increased opportunities for education and literacy for women

Carmelites

• Life of contemplation and service

• Be a nun

Transubstantiation

• Roman Catholic doctrine

• Bread and wine transformed into the actual blood and flesh of Christ

Regulation of public morals

• Decline of catholic authority, social upheaval and shared goal of eliminating sinful behavior -→ regulation of public morals

• City governments and religious authorities took over enforcing social, ethical, and religious behavior

Carnival

• 3-6 day period of celebration right before Lent

• Served as a balance to Lent’s fasting and purification

• A way to release religious impulses (sins)

• Helped to reinforce the social order by temporarily allow people to live outside it

Charivari

Stocks, pillary, and pranger - public punishment

Witch hunts

• 1580-1650

• Women were unclean temptresses, result of lust, born evil

• Stems from Chaos during Wars of Religion.

• Many women (nurses, widows, old ladies) accused, tried, and executed

Debate about women

• La Querelle des Femmes

• The Woman Question

• Academic debate in France 1530s

• Once side argued that woman were naturally inferior to men, the other side that argued that men oppressed women to maintain their social status and power

• People begin questioning moments rights. People begin questioning women’s roles in society

Mannerism

• Deliberate distortion, elongation and twisting forms

  • Emotions: sense of anxiety, suffering and intensity

• Religious, multiple perspective, Dramatic lighting

• Asymmetry and intense colors

Baroque art

• Dramatic use of light

• Meant to invoke emotions through movement or depth

• Created for ornate purposes (showy, usually through light or gold)

  • Shows power or wealth 

• Embraced by Catholic reform

El Greco

• Mannerist artist from Greece

• Famous artwork = Agony in the Garden

  • Elongated figures, dramatic lighting, emotional, non - naturalistic landscape

Artemisia Gentileschi

• Female

• Baroque artist from Italy

• Famous artwork = Judith Slaying Holofernes

  • Biblical heroine decapitating someone - female power

  • Tenebrism (extreme contrast between light and dark)

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

• Baroque artist from Italy

• Famous artwork = Ecstasy of St. Teresa

  • Dynamic drapery, contrasting textures in marble

Peter Paul Rubens

• Baroque artist from Flanders - Belgium

• Famous artwork = The Descent from the Cross

  • Dramatic Baroque lighting, shadows, and emotion.

Communal leisure activities

• Blood sports: violent games that pitted people against each other in jousting

• Popular entertainment

Social structure

• L’Ancien Régime - nobility, religious figures on top. Top have the wealth

  • First Estate - Clergy, Second Estate - Nobility, Third Estate - commoners

  • Commoners = majority (75-80%), pays most of the taxes

  • Land most important form of wealth

  • Stratification and different privileges/norms associated with each class

Public punishment and humiliation

To instill fear in anyone who went against the Church

Papal bull

An official public decree, letter, or charter issued directly by the Pope

Secular states

When political and legal authority are centered in a centralized government rather than dictated by the Roman Catholic Church

Dowry

Money, property, land, or valuable goods paid by the bride’s family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage

Primogentiture

The legal right or custom by which the firstborn legitimate child inherits all or most of their parents' estate or succeeds to a title or royal throne

State Sovereignty

The supreme, independent authority of a state to govern its own territory without interference from external powers, like the Catholic Church or Holy Roman Emperor