Div Lab practical 1

Synapomorphy

A shared special or derived character in two or more taxa that has been inherited
from the most recent common ancestor

Character

recognizable feature of an organism

Character state

condition of said character

Ephemeral Character

recognizable but temporary feature of an organism

Lab 1: Bioquest, Where?

Rand tract

Compound Microscope

-Magnification 40-1000x (magnification =eyepiece x objective)
-Eyepieces are 10x, objectives are 4x, 10x, 40x, 100X (for oil)

-Light transmitted through specimen

Hand Lens

Typically 10x but variable, portable, good for field use

Stereoscopic Microscope (dissecting)

-Eyepieces are 10x, zoom range 0.8-3.5x, total magnification 8-35x
- Light reflected off specimen, provides 3-D image

Dichotomous Keys

-Paired choices (couplets) used to ID organisms
-Compares different character states of the same character

3 Types of Biodiversity

Genetic, Species, Ecosystem

Shannon Weiner Index

-From 0 (single species present) to 5 (evenly distributed)
-Both evenness and richness considered

Cladogram

Displays evolutionary relationships

Heterotroph

Must feed on organic materials that have originated from other plants and animals

Hymenium

Spore-bearing tissue of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

Mycelium

Mass of hyphae, often hidden in substrate, which forms the body

Septate hyphae

Regular divisions in hyphae

Arbuscules

Symbiotic relationship

root in anouther root

appressoria

Breaking into cell wall

harmfull

haustoria

fungi uses haustoria to break in and steal nutriance

hyphal noose

basidialmycota, wraps around and kills

Ecological roles of fungi

Decomposers (saprobes), symbionts (mutualists, parasites), pathogens, predators (nematode-trappers)

Dolipore structure

-not present in allbasidiomycetes)

-regulates the movement of large organelles (such as nuclei) between hyphal cells

dikaryotic state requierment

Clamp connections on hyphae

Conidia

Ascomycota Asexual propagule

YEASTS

Unicellular, asexual reproduction by budding or fission. Growth form, not a taxonomic term

Crustose

(lichen) Flattened thallus, firmly attached to substrate

Foliose

(Lichen) Leaf-like, mostly flat, composed of lobes, loosely attached

Fruticose

(Lichen) Three-dimensional, branched, attached at a single point

Lichen layers

cortical, algal, and medulla

Heteroecious

Need two hosts to complete life cycle

Autoecious

Only one host needed

Pathologist hosts

Primary host it whatever one causes more economic damage

Mycoligist hosts

Primary host is reproduction stages (Urediniospore and Teliospores)

Plasmogomy

Fusion of cellular content of 2 parent cells

Karyogomy

-After Plasmogomy

-Fusion of 2 nuclei

Spermatia

-plasmogomy

-Flask shaped, holds spermatia

-forms aeciospore

Aeciospore

-Cup shaped

-infects next host

Urediniospores

-Pimple shaped

-Spores amplify infection

Teliospores

-resting spores

-Falls to the ground and germinates

Basdiospore

-Gets to aecial host and germinates to start cycle again

aerial host

1st host (Spermatia and Aeciospores)

Telio host

2nd Host (Urediniospores and Teliospores)

Macrocyclic

All five stages

Microcyclic

Teliospores and basidiospores only

Demicyclic

Lack Uredinial stage

Zygomycota synapomorphy

Zygosporangium bearing a single zygospore (terms often used interchangeably)

Clade

Taxon containg comen ansestor and taxons decending from it (morphological group)

Convergent evolution

same trait diferent ancestors

mycelium

mass of hyphae

mycorrhiza

symbiotic fungi on plant root

saprobe

organism that lives on dead or decaying matter

basidium

club shaped cell where karyogamy and meiosis take place, basidospores are formed

thallus

undifferentiated vegitative tissue forming the body of the fungus

bioblitz

experts document all liveing organisums in a given area in a short amount of time

electron microscope

gets very close

steps to turn off microscope

1) move to scanning objective

2)remove slide/specimin

3)turn off microscope

4)unplug and wrap up

5)cover microscope

observeing with compound microscope

start observeing with stage at highest level

focuseing at highest objective

only use fine adjustment knob

bad mushrooms to make a spore print

-permeninal corks

-ink caps

-puffballs

where spore produceing cells are located

-gills

-pores

-teeth

hyphae

-long and filaments

-make up fungus

basidiosores mounted

on sterigmata

basidium

terminal cells of reproductive hypha where spores are produced

Ballistospores

spores forcefully propelled from site for dispersal

Hymenium

fertail spore-bearing tissue of manny fungi fruiting bodies