Lab Exam 1 - Practice Questions

In an ESR test, we expect an increase in inflammatory factors in the plasma will produce ____ (thrombus/ rolex/ rouleaux) formations and this will ____ (increase/ decrease) the rate at which RBCs fall to the bottom of the glass column in the test apparatus.

rouleaux, increase

For a centrifuged blood sample, if you measure the height of the whole sample in the capillary tube to be 55 mm and the height of the packed red blood cells to be 22 mm, what will be the true HCT reading you calculate?

38.4%

Calculate oxygen carrying capacity for a patient with a Hb Check test value of 9.4 g/dL.

12.60 ml O₂/100 ml blood

Thalassemia major

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

D

Acquired hemolytic anemia

C

Vitamin B12 deficiency

B

Iron deficiency

A

In the skeletal muscle PhysioEx exercise, when you applied a single stimulus to produce a single twitch in each trial run, you were able to increase the force of contraction as you increased the stimulus voltage with each trial. This type of summation is called:

Motor unit recruitment

In the skeletal muscle PhysioEx exercise, when you applied multiple stimuli each trial run, you were able to increase the force of contraction as you increased the frequency of stimuli applied with each trial. The phenomenon in which you can increase force of contraction with successive stimuli but allow full relaxation of the muscle fibers between the applied stimuli is called:

Treppe

In the neurophysiology PhysioEx exercise in which a sensory neuron is communicating with an interneuron, if you were to remove the myelin sheaths from both axons, which variable would be affected?

Conduction velocity of action potentials

According to the neurophysiology PhysioEx exercise, during the time when the axon membrane is in the absolute refractory period, increasing the stimulus voltage _______ trigger a second action potential.

will not

According to the neurophysiology PhysioEx exercise, when you increase the stimulus intensity (frequency of action potentials) applied to the axon, you will ____ (increase/ decrease) the amount of neurotransmitter released, as long as ____ (Mg²⁺/ Ca²⁺/ K⁺) is present in the extracellular fluid.

increase, Ca²⁺

Based on what you learned in the cell transport PhysioEx, if you had a closed beaker apparatus to measure osmotic pressure and you placed 3 mM NaCl in the left beaker and 3 mM NaCl in the right beaker, then separated the beakers with a membrane that has an MWCO of 20, which beaker would experience the greater osmotic pressure?

Neither – we would see no net movement of water because the beaker solutions are isotonic.

In the digestive physiology PhysioEx exercise, what results should you expect for the IKI indicator test and Benedict’s indicator test for the following test tube:

Test Tube A

Test tube contents: deionized water, starch, pH 7 buffer

Incubation conditions: incubated at 37⁰C for 60 mins

Record colorimetric results here:

IKI indictor test: ______ (black/ yellow)

Benedict's indicator test: ______ (blue/ red)

black, blue

According to the digestive physiology PhysioEx, which of the following combinations of factors result in optimal conditions for pepsin activity?

C

According to the digestive physiology PhysioEx, which of the following substances was needed to optimize lipid digestion by the enzyme lipase?

Bile salts

Which of the following tests is an example of a direct ELISA?

Pregnancy test

When we set up an immunoassay to detect the presence of specific antibodies in a patient’s serum sample and we adhere samples of antigens specific to that antibody to a plastic well dish then later add a secondary antibody to produce an enzymatic color change to visualize the results, what type of serological test are we performing?

An indirect ELISA

In the Endocrine System Physiology PhysioEx, the normal rat treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) ___1^st___ exhibit a goiter because ____2^nd____.

C

Prof. Shaw has blood type A+. Who can she donate RBCs to in the following pool of recipients?

(choose all the possible recipients)

AB+/ AB-/ A+/ A-/ B+/ B-/ O+/ O-

AB+, A+

If a mother has Type O blood and a father has type O blood, what is the probability that their child will have type A blood?

0%

A person with blood type AB+ produces Rh agglutinins and B agglutinins.

(True/ False)

False

Both ELISAs and Western Blot techniques can be used to detect specific proteins in samples of body fluids, like blood serum.

(True/ False)

True

Both ELISAs and Western Blot techniques can be used to detect specific proteins in samples of body fluids, like blood serum.

(True/ False)

True

Which of the following diagrams correctly demonstrates the Lambert-Beer Law?

C

A patient comes into your clinic for blood-typing.  Uh oh! You are out of your anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D antibodies!  You forgot to reorder your supplies! As an alternative, you isolate the patient’s agglutinins from the plasma and find that the patient has only anti-A agglutinins. The patient must be this blood type:

B+

A patient comes into your clinic for blood-typing.  Uh oh! You are out of your anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D antibodies!  You forgot to reorder your supplies! As an alternative, you isolate the patient’s agglutinins from the plasma and find that the patient has only anti-A agglutinins. This person can donate their red blood cells to which of the following blood types?

Choose all the compatible blood types:

B+, AB+

A patient comes into your clinic for blood-typing.  Uh oh! You are out of your anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D antibodies!  You forgot to reorder your supplies! As an alternative, you isolate the patient’s agglutinins from the plasma and find that the patient has only anti-A agglutinins. This person can receive red blood cells from which of the following blood types?

Choose all the compatible blood types:

B+, B-, O+, O-

You have restocked your agglutinin supplies and now you are carrying out a typical blood typing test on a patient. A sample of this patient's blood does NOT agglutinate when mixed with anti-A antibody, anti-B antibody, and anti-D antibody.  What is the blood type of this individual?

O-

You have restocked your agglutinin supplies and now you are carrying out a typical blood typing test on a patient. A sample of this patient's blood does NOT agglutinate when mixed with anti-A antibody, anti-B antibody, and anti-D antibody. If the person in the question above required an RBC transfusion, chose all the blood types that would be compatible:

O-

You have restocked your agglutinin supplies and now you are carrying out a typical blood typing test on a patient. A sample of this patient's blood does NOT agglutinate when mixed with anti-A antibody, anti-B antibody, and anti-D antibody. Who can receive this person's RBC donation? 

Choose all the compatible blood types:

all types

Rhogam prevents the mother's immune system from forming Anti-D antibodies by neutralizing fetal Rh+ cells before sensitization.

(True/ False)

True

A heterozygous type A+ woman (I^Ai, Dd) and a homozygous type B- man (I^BI^B, dd) are expecting a child. Which of the following blood type and Rh factor combinations is impossible for their offspring?

O+

Which of the following CBC findings is most consistent with iron deficiency anemia?

Low MCV, low MCH, high RDW

Which patient result is most concerning for over-anticoagulation?

PT 28 sec, INR 4.2

MCV

80-100 fL or um³

MCHC

32-36%

RDW

11.5-14.5%

Normal range for female hematocrit

37-47%

Normal range for INR (no anticoagulants)

0.8-1.2

Factor VII

factor in extrinsic pathway tested by PT

Polycythemia vera

myeloproliferative disorder causing excessive RBC production

Hypochromia

RBCs with increased central pallor due to low hemoglobin

A patient’s PT is prolonged, but their aPTT is normal. Which factor deficiency is most likely?

Factor VII

A 55-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with headaches and dizziness. His CBC shows hemoglobin 19 g/dL and hematocrit 58%. Which condition best explains these results?

Secondary polycythemia

A 40-year-old man presents with fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. CBC reveals hemoglobin 10.5 g/dL, elevated reticulocyte count, and normal MCV. Peripheral smear shows spherocytes. What is the most likely underlying cause?

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

A blood sample shows agglutination when mixed with Anti-A serum and Anti-D (Rh) serum, but shows no agglutination when mixed with Anti-B serum. What is the blood type?

A+

A blood sample shows agglutination with Anti-A serum, agglutination with Anti-B serum, but no agglutination with Anti-D serum. What is the blood type?

AB-

A patient with type AB+ blood needs an emergency transfusion. Which of the following blood types would be SAFE to transfuse? (Select all that apply)

all types

A patient with type O- blood can safely receive blood from which donor types?

O- only

A woman with type A blood (genotype I^Ai) and a man with type B blood (genotype I^Bi) have children. What are the possible blood types of their offspring?

Types A, B, AB, and O

Two Rh-positive parents (both genotype Dd) have a child. What is the probability their child will be Rh-negative?

25%

An Rh-negative woman is pregnant with her second child. Her first child was Rh-positive, but she did not receive RhoGAM after delivery. Her current fetus is also Rh-positive. What is the most likely outcome?

The fetus is at high risk for HDN

When should RhoGAM be administered to prevent HDN?

At 28 weeks gestation AND within 72 hours after delivery of Rh+ baby

SCENARIO A: In a closed system with two beakers separated by a semi-permeable dialysis membrane, you set up 9 mM NaCl on the left side and 9 mM glucose on the right side, and a membrane with a MWCO = 20. You allow 60 mins for any diffusion to occur.

Answer the following questions:

1. Can either of the solutes move through the membrane? (A. No, B. Yes glucose, C. Yes NaCl, D. Yes glucose and NaCl)

2. Do either of the solutes dissociate? (A. No, B. Yes glucose, C. Yes NaCl, D. Yes glucose and NaCl)

3. At the end of the timed run, which side has the higher osmotic pressure? (A. Right side, B. Left side, C. Neither)

1. A

2. C

3. B

SCENARIO B: In a closed system with two beakers separated by a semi-permeable dialysis membrane, you set up 9 mM NaCl on the left side and 9 mM glucose on the right side, and a membrane with a MWCO = 50. You allow 60 mins for any diffusion to occur.

Answer the following questions:

1. Can either of the solutes move through the membrane? (A. No, B. Yes glucose, C. Yes NaCl, D. Yes glucose and NaCl)

2. Do either of the solutes dissociate? (A. No, B. Yes glucose, C. Yes NaCl, D. Yes glucose and NaCl)

3. At the end of the timed run, which side has the higher osmotic pressure? (A. Right side, B. Left side, C. Neither)

1. C

2. C

3. A

SCENARIO C: In a closed system with two beakers separated by a semi-permeable dialysis membrane, you set up 9 mM glucose on the left side and 9 mM albumin on the right side, and a membrane with a MWCO = 200. You allow 60 mins for any diffusion to occur.

Answer the following questions:

1. Can either of the solutes move through the membrane? (A. No, B. Yes glucose, C. Yes albumin, D. Yes glucose and albumin)

2. Do either of the solutes dissociate? (A. No, B. Yes glucose, C. Yes albumin, D. Yes glucose and albumin)

3. At the end of the timed run, which side has the higher osmotic pressure? (A. Right side, B. Left side, C. Neither)

1. B

2. A

3. A

SCENARIO D: In a closed system with two beakers separated by a semi-permeable dialysis membrane, you set up 9 mM NaCl on the left side and 9 mM glucose on the right side, and a membrane with a MWCO = 200. You allow 60 mins for any diffusion to occur.

Answer the following questions:

1. Can either of the solutes move through the membrane? (A. No, B. Yes glucose, C. Yes NaCl, D. Yes glucose and NaCl)

2. Do either of the solutes dissociate? (A. No, B. Yes glucose, C. Yes NaCl, D. Yes glucose and NaCl)

3. At the end of the timed run, which side has the higher osmotic pressure? (A. Right side, B. Left side, C. Neither)

1. D

2. C

3. C

Short Answer Q: This question involves interpretation of blood test results by comparing a patient's results to what you know are normal values (know your normal values!). It can be satisfactorily answered in 3-5 sentences. Review the blood pathologies – anemias and polycythemias – especially with relation to normal values for blood tests (counts, Hb content, O2 content, MCV, MCH, MCHC, etc.).

 

Patient A: patient has 9 g% Hb. The RBCs have an MCV of 60µm³ and MCHC of 24%

 

(1) What is the patient’s oxygen carrying capacity? 

(2) Discuss a possible condition that would explain the patient’s results. Include a comparison of the lab results to normal values in your explanation to justify your answer.

Short Answer Q: This question involves interpretation of blood test results by comparing a patient's results to what you know are normal values (know your normal values!). It can be satisfactorily answered in 3-5 sentences. Review the blood pathologies – anemias and polycythemias – especially with relation to normal values for blood tests (counts, Hb content, O2 content, MCV, MCH, MCHC, etc.).

 

Patient B: patient has 11 g% Hb. The RBCs have an MCV of 70µm³ and MCHC of 37%

 

(1) What is the patient’s oxygen carrying capacity? 

(2) Discuss a possible condition that would explain the patient’s results. Include a comparison of the lab results to normal values in your explanation to justify your answer.