SPEX exam review

what is a closed kinetic chain movement

pushing against a form of resistance (eg push ups, against the floor)

what is maximal aerobic power the best determinant by

capability to deliver oxygen to muscle

what is anaerobic threshold most heavily determined by

the capability to use oxygen and energy in muscle

adapting to extreme environments - pollution

an environment stimulus that has the least research and evidence to providing effecting on health or performance

effect of reduced residential density of PA

negative impact in adults

what does uninterrupted sitting increase

glucose and insulin levels, when compared to periods of interrupted sitting

what does publication bias refer to

studies that produce positive findings are more likely to be published, which creates a biased representation of findings generated by science.

what is lactate produced by while at rest

red blood cells

where is lactate always present

in blood

when is learning best done and why

in the evening because sleep plays a vital role in locking in newly acquired motor skills

what acronom does the american college of sports medicine use as variables in sport programs

FITT

what does FITT stand for

frequency, intensity, type and time

why is knowing hydration status important for measuring body composition

water comprises majority of mass within most cells and esp, around in them

why does a class 2 lever give a mechanical adventage

moment arm of effort is bigger than that of resistance = less force required gives a mechanical adventage

other then providing is mechanical adventage why can the calf lift a lot of weight

gastroc and solous can achieve high force values, muscle configuration evolved, high force capacity is evolved and enhanced across lifespan by exercise.

what are the HAES approach

weight inclusivity, enhance health, respectful care, eating for wellbeing, life enhancing movement

acronom for HAES approach

CHEWM

what is the importance of fat free mass

valuable feul/energy source, mass to be carried - obesity leads to increase muscle mass too. insulator. not just a passive tissue (important chemically + for releasing hormones). body image

pros of the rockport test

enables you to gauge the cardiovascular system’s response to exercise, which is the most limiting factor of aerobic power

cons of the rockport test

not neccasirely accurate due to formula made on different ages and is someone was actually walking as fast as possible

what are the substrates of exercise

chemical substances that are broken down eg carbs, fat in aerobic exercise.

effect of asthma on exercise

exercised induced bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion

what is the biophilia hypothesis

we need good natural environments around us to be healthy.

what does the biophilia hypothesis help to explain

humans attraction to green space

positives of lactate

buffers H+ ions ( that are released from ATP production), important source of fuel

paradoxes of muscle and fat interaction

high levels of intra-muscular fat, but only the trained can use it. obesity with aging impairs muscle functions

what are some evolutionary adaptions of the human body allowing endurance running in the heat

hairless skin - large surface area to sweat and release heat.

big strong gluteus - act as struts for upper body

large ankle bones - absorbs impact force.

matauranga

environmental knowledge

whakapapa

localised environment connnections

huahuatau

communicating environmental knowledge

whakatinanatanga

activities to mobile atua matua thinking

Tohutaka

environmental signs as a decision making function

whanaungatanga

connections between people

manakitanga

generousity, hospitily and kindness

rangatiratanga

self determination leadership

kotahitanga

unity and together

stages of career development

discover, focus, action, sorted

What is the alternative name for exercise science (commonly used in North America)

kinesiology

Is it possible to gain fitness without ever doing PA or exercise

NO

why is exercise science increasingly being focused on health related fields of study

exercise is relavent for a wide range of lifestyle diseases and has a low risk profile, disease can provide a useful research model to help understand normal function, increased funding, increased need in society

equation for BMI

weight/height²

Which class of lever has evolution typically favoured in relation to the mechanical configuration of our skeletal muscles? 

class 3

how is the inner ear an evolutionary adaptation to the human body that specifically favours endurance running?

it features significantly enlarged semicircular canals that stabilize the head and maintain gaze clarity during rapid, high-impact movement

is visceral or subcutanous fat more demaging for our health

visceral

how might regular exercise contribute to brain health

repeated improvements in cardiovascular and cerebovacular health, alongside metabolic and neuroplastic adaptions

what are some ways which muscle and fat crosstalk chemically

myokines, adipokines and interleukin-6

how much ATP is produced by the catabolism of 1 molecule of creatine phospate

1 molecule

For a given muscle the greater the moment arm, the ….

greater the joint moment

force velocity relationship of human muscle contraction

as load increases the velocity of the shortening decreases. as the load increases the power increases to a maximum and then decreases.

what is the best predictor of the force contribution of a muscle

physiological cross sectional area

what is the movement classification of a dive in swimming

closed, in phase, resistance

what is the movement classification of skiing down a mountain

closed kinetic chain, in phase, endurance

what is the movement classification of lifting dumbbells at the gym

concentretic, open kinetic chain, resistance

what is the movement classification of running a marathon

closed, anti phase, endurance

what does atua refer to

environmental knowledge

what does matua refer to

tribal interpretation of the human actions resulting from the knowledge of atua

whats the difference between understanding the environment from a human perspective versus from an atua perspective.

atua matua provides information about how to connect with the environment while the human perspective looks at how to use and exploit the environment

why is the environment so important to maori

helps motivate and increase health, PA and wellbeing

The simple version of the Atua Matua framework has 5 pillars, the more complete, complex version that Dr. Ihirangi Heke has written has how many levels?

24

Humans are causing the natural environments to become more severe but ….

are becoming less intrinsically able to tolerate such environments.

are humans more resilent to humid or dry heat

dry

what are some practice strategies effectively improve motor learning

post practice sleep, distubted practice schedule, high contextual interference

what is cognitive appraisal

the personal interpretation of a situation or sensation. Cognitive appraisal of how exercise felt differs with experience of the exercise

When we practice something well, ironically our performance may temporarily suffer, this is called

performance - learning paradox

what is another name for maori potatoes

taewa

moari potatoes or taewa contain a high concentration of galuctan. why is this important

it is an important polysaccharide fibre component of the microbiome

what are 3 things that are true about sacropenia

proper nutrient and strength training can help manage it and slow down its progression. sacropenia refers to the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging

what are the 4 typical physiological effects of aging

higher percentage body fat, lower maximum resting HR, lower bone mass, lower muscle strength

In which THREE ways do antibiotics affect the gut microbiome

reduce microbial diversity, cause dysbiosis, create a favourable environment for antibiotic resistant bacteria and pathogens

which physiological variables is least accurately estimated by smart watches?

training intensity

stages of career thinking

1. discover

2. plan

3. action

4. sorted