AP Psych - Sleep to Sensory Adaptation - Myers Vocab 1.5b-1.6a - duPont Manual

sleep

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

circadian rhythm

our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

hypnagogic sensations

bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep; also called hypnic sensations

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (NREM 3)

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable and overwhelming sleep attacks; the affected may sufferer lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

REM sleep behavior disorder

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams; paralysis does not occur; instead, twitching, talking, or even kicking or punching may occur

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment; raw data, info from our 5 senses, the source is our sensory receptors

sensory receptors

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin, as well as internal organs)

perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events, and people faces

bottom-up processing

information processing that begins at the sensory receptors and works up to perception; interpreting info that is unfamiliar using your senses

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations; you need prior knowledge

transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another; in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret

psychophysics

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

signal detection theory

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise); assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

subliminal

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time; we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

Weber’s law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation; we become less aware of it because our nerves cells fire less frequently