Chp 4 ~ Gen Chem 1

What is a solution?

A homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

What is a solute?

The substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s).

What is a solvent?

The substance present in the larger amount

What is solubilty?

The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

Molecular equations

Just a normal balanced equation

Complete ionic equation

All the molecules are spilt into their ions (except solid percipitate)

Net ionic equation

Equation where the spectator ions are omitted

Writing net ionic equations

1. Write + balance the complete molecular equation

2. Write complete ionic equation

3. Write net ionic equation

What is a precipitate?

An insoluble solid compound formed during a chemical reaction in solution.

What is an electrolyte?

Dissolves in water to give an electrically conducting solution

What is a nonelectrolyte? Do they have cations and anions?

Dissolves in water, producing a poorly conducted solution.

No cations and anions in the solutions

Weak electrolytes yield what percent of ions? What substances are weak electrolytes? How much dissociation?

Dissolves in water, yielding a relatively small percentage of ions

Most molecular substances are weak electrolytes.

Partial dissociation

Strong electrolyte exist in what types of solution? Includes what substances? How much dissociation?

Exists in solution almost entirely as ions. This includes almost all soluble ionic substances.

100% dissociation

Arrhenius definition of an Acid?

Produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Arrhenius definition of an base?

Produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.

What is ionization?

The process in which individual positive and negative ions are produced from a molecular compound that is dissolved in solution.

What is dissociation?

The process in which individual positive and negative ions are released from an ionic compound that is dissolved in solution.

Bronsted and Lowry definition of an acid?

An acid is the species (molecule or ion) that donates a proton to another species in a proton−transfer reaction.

Bronsted and lowry definition of a base?

A base is the species (molecule or ion) that accepts a proton from another species in a proton−transfer reaction.

What is a monoprotic acid?

An acid that supplies one proton (H⁺ ion) per molecule during an acid–base reaction.

What is a diprotic acid?

An acid that supplies two protons (H⁺ ions) per molecule during an acid–base reaction.

What is a triprotic acid?

An acid that supplies three protons (H⁺ ions) per molecule during an acid–base reaction.

How much does a strong acid ionize in water?

It ionizes completely in water.

Ex- HCl (hydrochloric acid) and nitric acid

How much does a weak acid ionize in water?

It partly ionizes in water

Ex- Hydrocyanic acid and hydrofluoric acid

A strong base is present in what type of solution? Is it a strong or weak electrolyte?

It is present in an aqueous solution entirely as ions, one of which is OH^–

^{Strong electrolyte}

A weak base ionizes how much? Is it a strong or weak electrolyte?

It undergoes partial ionization. It is a weak electrolyte.

What are amphoteric properties? Examples (4)?

When a substance behaves as  both an acid and a base.

EX:

H2O

HCO3-

HSO4-

H2PO4-

What is a neutralization reaction? Results in what?

A reaction of an acid and a base that results in an ionic compound and possibly water

The ionic compound that is a product of a neutralization reaction is called a….

Salt

In an acid-base reaction if a compound changes state from the reactant to products side what must you do to get the correct net ionic equation.

Keep it as a molecule.

What is oxidation?

Lose e-

What is reduction

Gain e-

What are oxidation numbers?

The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred.

Free element oxidation number.

0

Monatomic ions

Equal the charge in the ion

Oxygen oxidation number. What is the oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2 and O22-

-2

-1

Hydrogen oxidation number. Oxidation number when bonded to metals in binary compounds?

+1

-1

Group IA metal oxidation number. Group IIA metal oxidation number. Fluorine oxidation number.

IA- +1

IIA- +2

Fluorine- -1

Do oxidation number have to be integers? Ex.

No

O2- has an oxidation number of -1/2

What are half reactions? What 2 parts does it include?

It is one of two parts of an oxidation–reduction reaction

one part of which involves a loss of electrons (or increase in oxidation number)

the other part of which involves a gain of electrons (or decrease in oxidation number).

What is an oxidizing agent? Itself is reduced or oxidized?

It is a species that oxidizes another species; it is itself reduced.

What is an reducing agent? Itself is reduced or oxidized?

It is a species that reduces another species; it is itself oxidized

What is Molarity formula?

What is dilution?

The procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution formula

M1V1=M2V2

Quantitative analysis

It is the determination of the amount of a substance or species present in a material.

Gravimetric analusos

It is a type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a species in a material is determined by converting the species to a product that can be isolated completely and weighed.

Volumetric analysis

It is a type of quantitative analysis based on titration.

Titration

It is a procedure for determining the amount of substance A by adding a carefully measured volume with a known concentration of B until the reaction of A and B is just complete.

Titrant

Solution in the buret, has known concentration

Equivalence point

The point at which the reaction is complete

End point

The point at which the titration is stopped

Indicator

The substance that changes color at or near the equivalence point