Anatomy 1

Ana

Apart

tomy

to cut

Anatomy

Discipline that investigates the structures of the body; To dissect or cut apart; dictatesp hysiology

Systemic anatomy

Study of the body by system

Regional anatomy

Study of the body by area

Macroscopic/Gross anatomy

Large body structures (heart, bones)

Microscopic Anatomy/Histology

Structures that cannot be seen by naked eye (cells,tissues)

Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, organism

Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical

Simplest level, atom combine to form molecules

Cell

Molecules associate to form __, smallest unit of living things

Tissue

Group of similar cells that have a common function

Organ

Structure composed of 2 or more tissues that have a common function

Organ system

Group of organs that work together for a common purpose

Organism

Highest level of structural organization

Integumentary system

External covering of the body or the skin, including hair and fingernails; cushions and protect deeper tissues from injuries

Skeletal system

Bones, Cartilages, joints; supports body and provides a framework for skeletal muscles to produce movement

Muscular system

contract or shorten; when muscles contract, movement occurs

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors, body’s fast acting control system; responds to stimuli or changes

Sensory receptors

detects changes and send messages via nerve impulses to CNS

Endocrine system

secretes chemical messengers or hormones

Cardiovascular System

Heart and Blood vessels; delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones via blood

Lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, return leaked fluid from tissues back to the bloodstream and provide protective immune responses

Respiratory system

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; supplies the body with oxygen and to eliminate carbon dioxide

Digestive System

Tube running from mouth to anus (alimentary canal); break down food and deliver nutrients to the blood for dispersal

Urinary/Excretory system

Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urehtra; removes nitrogen-containing wastes and the expel them from body via urine

Reproductive system

produce offspring; male testes produce sperm, female ovaries produce eggs or ova

Standing erect, face directed forward, feet parallel and planted on the ground, hands at the side and palms facing forward

Anatomical Position

Superior/Cranial/Cephalic

Towards the head; above

Inferior/Caudal

Away from the head, below

Anterior/Ventral

in front of

Posterior/Dorsal

Behind

Medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Superficial/External

At the body surface

Deep/Internal

More inside

Frontal

Forehead area

Orbital

Eye area

Nasal

Nose area

Oral

mouth area

Buccal

cheek area

Mental

Chin area

Cervical

anterior neck area

Thoracic

area between the neck and the abdomen

Pectoral

Chest area

Sternal

anterior Sternum area

Abdominal

anterior abdomen region

Umbilical

belly button area

Pubic

genital ergion

Inguinal

Groin area

Acromial

points of the shoulder

Deltoid

shoulder muscle area

Axillary

armpit area

Brachial

anterior arm above elbow

Antecubital

Anterior surface of the elbow

Antebrachial

anterior forearm area

Carpal

antnerior Wrist area

Digital

anterior finger/toes area

Coxal

Hips

Pelvic

Overlying pelvis anterially

Femoral

thigh area

Patellar

anterior knee

Crural

Anterior leg (shin)

Fibular

Lateral part of leg

Tarsal

anterior ankle region

Cephalic

toward the head

Occipital

posterior base of the skull

Lumbar

posterior area between ribs and hips (lower back)

Sacral

base of the spine

Vertebral

area of spinal columb

Scapular

Shoulder blades

Olecranal

Posterior surface of the elbow

Gluteal

buttocks

Popliteal

posterial surface of the knee

Sural

calf legs

Calcaneal

heel of the foor

Sagittal section

cut along lengthwise direction, dividing body left and right

Median/Midsagittal section

Cut along lengthwise direction dividing body into left and right in equal sizes

Frontal Coronal section

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/Cross Section

Dvides the body into superior and inferior parts

RLQ, RUQ, LUQ, LLQ

Order of physical examination of the abdomen

RLQ

Quadrant Has the cecum, Vermiform Appendix

RUQ

Quadrant Has majority of liver, gallbladder, bile duct, transverse colon, ascending colon

LUQ

Quadrant has a little bit of liver, stomach, spleen, duodenum, pancreas, pancreatic duct, descending colon

LLQ

Quadrant Has Small intestine, rectum and anus

Right hypochondriac

Region with liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small intestine

Epigastric Region

Region with stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenalglands

Left Hypochondriac

Region with Spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas

Right lumbar

Region with Gallbladder, liver, right colon

Umbilical region

region with Umbilicus (navel), parts of the small intestine, duodenum

Left lumbar

region with descending colon, left kidney

Right iliac

region with appendix, cecum

Hypogastric region

region with urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs

Left iliac

region with descending colon, sigmoid colon