Biological based behavoirs psycology

epigenetics

how your environment, behaviors, and life experiences can change gene expression

PNS

Peripheral Nervous System, everything but brain and spinal cord

nerves

Bundles of axons that from neural cables connecting the CNS to the PNS

sensory neurons (afferent)

Carry info to the CNS

motor neurons (efferent)

Carry info away from CNS

interneurons

Inside of the CNS, process info between motor and sensory, cannot be repaired

somatic nervous system

Enables volentary control of muscles

autonomic nervous system

Party of PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs (heart beat), involentary movemnet.

sympathetic nervous system

Arouses the body, flight or fight, takes it away from homeostasis

parasympathetic nervous

Brings it back to homeostasiss, rest and digest

dendrites

Primary receptive zones

axon

Transmits signals from cell body to other neurons

myelin sheath

Speeds up the travel of electrical signals down the axon

glia cells (glia)

Cells in the nervous system that support, nurish, protect nuerons, and guilde neural migration.

action potential

The signal incoming, if its postive it will fire, if negative it wont.

neurotransmitters

Chemical molecules the bind to the receptor sites.

endorphins

influence perception of pain or pleasure

agonist

mimiks NT, opens the recepters, Morphine

antagonist

Blocks NT, Curar

endocrine system

The hormonal body system

hormones

Chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes in perception and moods.

substance abuse disorder

Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption, social impairment, or physical risk

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body function

tolerance

the diminishing effects with regular use of the same drug.

addiction

everyday use, and sometimes dysfunctional behavior patterns

withdrawal

discomfort or distress that follows discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

barbiturates

depressants, depress the CNS activity

opiods

opioids are a class of psychoactive drugs that act as agonists at the brain's opioid receptors

stimulants

stimulate the CNS activity

hallucinogens

drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input

biopsychosocial approach

Biological, psychological, and socio-cultrual all effect the brain

levels of analysis

the differing complementary view, from biological to psychological to socio-cultural, used for analyzing any given phenomenon

neuroplasticity

the brains ability to change, especailly as a child, by building new pathwasy and reorganizing

lesion

tissue destruction, may be natural or experimental

EEG (electroencencephalogram)

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface.

MEG (magnetoencephalography)

Brain imaging tech that measures magnetic fields the come from the brains electrical activity

CT (computed tomography)

A series of x-rays taken from different angles and combined into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structures

PET (positron emission tomography)

displays where radioactive form of glucose goes while brain performs given tasks

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)=

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissues. Showing brain anatomy

fMRI (functional mri)

reveals blood flow in the brain, showing brain activity. Shows function and structure

hindbrain

Brainstem, medulla, pons, cerebellum

forebrain

Thalamus, Limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. Responsibe for automatic survival functions, contains medulla, pons, reticular formation.

medulla

Base of the brain stem, controls heartbeat and breathing

thalamus

The brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem, directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

reticular formation

A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal, if shut down, its a coma.

cerebellum

The ‘little brain"‘ attached to the rear of the brainstem. Helps with coordination, volentary movements, and balance. “Muscle memory”

limbic system

A doughnut shaped system of neural structurse at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. Associated with emotions hsuch as fear and agrgression and drives food and sex

amygdala

To almond shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotions, especially fear and agression.

hypothalamus

neural structures lying below the thalamus, directs several maintenance activities: eating, drinking, body temp. Helps to govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is also linked to emotion

hippocampus

Hook like structure responsible for storage and process of explicit memories

cerebral cortex

The ultimate control and infromation processing center

frontal lobes

Involved in speaking, and muscle movenments and in making plans and judgements.

parietal lobes

located top and middle of the brain, controls sensory stuff

occipital lobes

Includes the visual areas, which receive visual infromation from the opposite visual field

temporal lobes

The temporal lobes are the portions of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears that include the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

motor cortex

Area at rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

somatosensory cortex

a strip of the cerebral cortex that registers and processes body touch, pressure, temperature, and pain sensations

association areas

More intelligent animals have increased “Uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex

neurogenesis

the biological process by which new neurons (nerve cells) are generated in the brain from neural stem cells

corpus caloosum

a thick band of neural fibers (axons) that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Roger Sperry

Michael Gazzaniga

split brain

a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them.

consciousness

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

dual processing

the idea that information is often processed simultaneously on two separate tracks: a conscious, deliberate track and an unconscious, automatic track.

blind sight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

parallel processing

our ability to take in information about the look and movement of a object or anything simultaneously and all at once instead of one at a time.

sequential processing

the opposite of parallel processing. Mind takes in one thing at a time.

circadian rhythm

Biological clock that regulates our mood, temperature, arousal, through a 24 hour cycle.

REM sleep

Body relaxed as if paralyzed but brain as active as if it was awake (paradoxical sleep), beta waves

alpha waves

waves that happen in NREM-1

NREM sleep 1

Stage one; Light sleep, easily woken, alpha waves

hallucinations

false sensory experience

hypnagogic sensations

delta waves

waves that happen in NREM-3

suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn)

insomnia

narcolepsy

sleep apnea

REM sleep behavior disorder

REM rebound

if deprived of REM sleep, as person will spend more time in REM the nexxt time they go to sleep

Sensory cortex

area at the front of the partetal lobe that registers and processes body sensations

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking, expressive aphasia) or Wernicke’s area (Impaired understanding, receptive aphasia)

Agnosia

An inability to consciously recognize sensory stimuli of a particular calss that is not attributable to a sensory deficit or to verbal or intellectual impariment. Ex. Visual agnosia, failure to recognize faces.

Broca’s area

Left frontal lobe that directs muscle movenments involved in speech and It helps understand the grammer

Wernicke’s area

Left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression.

Acetylcholine

Enables muscle control, learning, memory

Dopamine

Influences movenement, learning, attention, and emotion

Seortonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

GABA

works with Glutamate and is a major inhibitor NT (STOP)

Glutamate

Major excitatory NT (START)

Substance P

Involved in pain perception and immune response

Norepinephrine

Helps control alertenss and arousal

NREM-2

fully asleep, theta wabes with sleep spindles (random bursts of activity) and k complexes (random tall bursts of activity)

NRREM-3

deep sleep, data waves