Period 1 Terms

American Indians

Indigenous peoples of the western Hemisphere who developed diverse civilizations ranging from the highly advanced societies(Aztecs,Incas) to semi-nomadic tribes who settled in North America up to 23,000 years ago

Semi-sedentary societies

communites that combined permanent settlements with seasonal migration, practicing both agriculture and hunting-gathering

Pueblo Indians

Sedentary Native Americans of the Rio Grande Valley in the Southwest who built multi-story dwellings and developed sophisticated irrigation systems for corn

Age of Discovery

The period beginning around 1492 when Europeans actively explored and colonized the Americas, driven by competition for power, markets, land, and religious conversion

Mercantilism

An economic system where nations completed for precious metals, furs, and new markets to increase national weather and power- majory driver for Age of Discovery

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer sponsored by Spain who sailed to the America’s, believeing it was the west indies, when in reality it was the Bahamas and Caribbean islands

year Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue

1492

Conquistadores

Spanish military conquerors who defeated the Aztec and Inca Empires’ notable figures include Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro

St. Augustine

Oldest European settlement in the present-day US (1565), established by Spain as a fortress to protect Spanish territory from French intrusion

Jesuits

Catholic missionaries who tried to convert native americans through example rather than force; played vital roles as explores/geographers in New France

Caste System

A hierarchical racial/class system in Spanish colonies that determained social privlages-lighter ski had high priority

Pilgrams

English religious separatists who established Plymouth Colony in 1620 and initially maintained peaceful relations with Wampanoag people

Pequot War

A brutal conflict where New England colonists and allied tribes destroyed the Pequot people; marked the beginning of ENglish violence against American Indians

King Philip’s War

A devastating conflict led by Wampanoag Cheif Metacom against English colonists; the bloodiest war in American history; marked the end of significant American Indian Influence in New England.

Columbian exchange

The transfer of plants,animals, diseases, and people between Europe and the Americas; included crops like corn and potatoes going to Europe and deadly deseases like small pox.

Maroon communities

Settlements of escaped African slaves in the Caribbean and Brazil who created commounites-some love on large islands like Haiti and Cuba

Tready of Tordesillas(1492)

A papal agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal; Spain received most of North and South America - Portugal got Brazil, Africa, and Asian territories

Iroquois Confederacy

A powerful alliance of five Native American tribes in the northeastern United States, formed to promote peace and cooperation among its members.

five nations in Iroquois confederacy

Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas

Algonquin

The largest North American language group; people are located from st Lawrence river(great lakes) to Atlantic coast; combined agriculture and hunting-gathering

matrilineal and matrilocal

matrilineal societies where lineage is traced through the mother's line and residence is established with the wife's family.

matrilocal refers to the practice of a married couple living with or near the wife's family.

Caraval

A portuguese ship design featuring a lateen sail and acial rudder that was faster+maneuverable- enabling longer ocean voyages

Joint-stock company

a business structure where investors pooled resources to finance expensive expitions and colonial ventures-spread financial risk among shareholders to make exploration profitable.

Encomienda system

A spanish labor system that forced American Indians into unpaid work or build infastructure and extract resources;essentially a form of forces labor/explortation

mission system

spanish religious systmen establish to convert american Indians to catholicism; used to force and cultural suppression- particularly in southwest

Mestizos

Children of Spanish father and American Indian mothers; a major racial category in the caste system and later Latin American societies

Zambo

Children of African and American Indian parents; emerged in Spanish colonial territories from Mexico southward

New France

-had colonial territory centered around St.Lawrence and great lakes

-focused on fur trade

-successful at building relationships with native’s

-introduced native’s to firearms

New Spain

-Forced Christianity

-mission(forbade native religion) and caste(social hierarcy)) system

-Frist settlement=St.Augistine

Coureurs de bois

Rough French frontiersmen-”runners of the woods” who sough profit in beaver trade with natives

Voyagers

French seamen who befriended and recruited american Indians into fur trade, facilitating french expanshion in North America

Metis

Children of French or British males and American indian women; represented cultural blending in New France and later British North America

Smallpox

A Euopean disease that devasted Amican Indian pops., killing approx. 90% of native Americans by 1600 and enabling Spanish conquest of Aztecs+Incas

Bering Strait

-A narrow passage of water between Alaska and Russia

-crossed by early human migration from Asia to North America. -—This migration occurred during the last Ice Age, when lower sea levels exposed the land bridge known as Beringia.

Sedentary societies

Communities that remain in one place, relying on agriculture and permanent settlements rather than nomadic lifestyles.

Became super agriculturally advanced

Three sisters

maize squash beans

ohio and Mississippi valley region

best place to trade-

used rivers to travel for trading, markets, and nomadic lifestyle

known for its fertile land and abundant resources, supporting complex societies and trade networks.

Virginia

first place English settlers landed in 1607

Cahokia

30,000 pop. over 2,00 acres

marked by monks mound(larger than pyramids)

trading center

collapsed by politicals tensions →frerquent war

Puebloan Mississippian and Mesoamerican

largest populations before settelers

beginning of France empire

Setteled in canada/new england

explored for fur and beaver trade

creates New Orleans (1718) for control on miss. river

established Quebec (1608) as a major settlement.

Virginia company+charter

company were the English settlers, the charter gave them the same rights are englishmenand the authority to establish colonies in North America. It aimed to promote settlement and trade in the New World.

House of Burgesses

founded in 1619 as first colonial Parliament(gov.)

Maryland

founded in 1634

Sir George Cakvert was giving a portion of Virgina

king wants them to make a profit

safe haven for catholics(largest in colonies)

Chesapeak colonies

the colonies located in the Chesapeake Bay area, primarily Maryland and Virginia, known for tobacco cultivation, agriculture, and early representative government.

Indentured servant

eventually be free laborers who worked for a fixed term in exchange for passage to America. After their service, they gained their freedom and often received land or tools.

headright system

if a farmer pays for a indentured servants passage, the farmer gets the servant and more land

10-15 million

salves sent to new world

400,000 sent to North america

middle passage

the journey enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, characterized by inhumane conditions and high mortality rates.

slave codes

threatened whites pass laws to suppress black culture and make them seen as property-also encouraged to convert to christianity

Plymouth colony

piligram are first group of separatists to flee england

wanted to establish official colony outside of virginia

early example of democracy

new had charter from england

1691-forced to merge with mass bay colony

Massachusetts Bay colony1629

John Winthrop

founded by Puritans

voting only open to free white adult religious men who own land

very religiously strict region

Quakers

people who were against puritans in penn. area

Rhode Island

complete religious freedom

voting rights

Connecticut

Fundamental orders of 1639=first constitution in America

Established democracy

Maine

land originally apart of MBC for 1677-1820

New Hampshire

est. 1679 after land being apart of MBC in 1641

royal colony

New England Confederation

first time colonies work together

four of. colonies = MBC, Conn.,Plymouth, New Haven

English civil war leads to colonies ruling themselves-first step to unity

King Philip’s War

New England conf. vs Natives

at this point-bloodiest war in American History

Natives are effectively removed from New England conf. area

Glorious revolution

British Constitutional Monarchy-King Henry and Parliment work together

work to get more control over colonies with royal colonies and governors

New York

Dutch claimed land

New Netherlands-founded 1623ish

New Amsteerdam found for trade with Europe/colonies (Hudson River)

In 1664, King Charles orders military to remove Dutch from New Netherlands

Re-named in 1685

Pennsylvania

William Penn founds in 1681-religous freedom and liberal ideas

positive relationship with natives(treats them as humans)

Establishes representative voting-for landowners

Relationship with natives gets worse as Philly gets bigger(forces them out for the land)

New Jersey

created in 1664 as 2 land pieces, merged into 1 and royal colony in 1702

Delaware

under control by Penn. gov until american rev.

granted its only assembly in 1703