Bio 161 Penn State Exam 1

Anatomy

Structure of the human body

Physiology

Function of the human body

Homeostasis

Adapt to external variables, Temperature, pH, Blood volume, Sugar levels

Negative Feedback Loop

Body senses change and reacts to negate or reverse the condition

Hormone

Chemical messenger

Positive Feedback Loop

Cycle in which an initial change leads to a greater change, Self-amplifying, rapid change

Atom

Subatomic particles- protons, neutrons, electrons

Element

identified by the number of protons

Neutral Atom

Same number of protons and electrons

Ion

Atoms that have an uneven number of protons and electrons

Cation

Positive charge, give up electrons easily

Anion

Negative charge, accept electrons easily

Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons

Covalent Bond

Two atoms share electrons

Action potentials

commnunication

Molecules

multiple atoms held together

Polar Molecule

difference of charge at both ends of the molecule

Hydrogen Bonds

attraction between polar molecules

Monomer

single molecular unit of a polymer

Polymer

molecule containing many repeating monomers

Carbohydrate Monomers

Glucose (Blood sugar), Fructose

Carbohydrate Polymer

Glycogen, Cellulose, Starch

Carbohydrate

Provide cellular fuel, enzymes are used to break down sugar in the process of cellular respiration to release ATP

Glycogen

stored carbs in humans

Phospholipids

Cell membrane- Polar hydrophillic Phosphate head, 2 nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails (carbon + hydrogen)

Hydrophobic

hates water

Hydrophillic

loves water

Triglycerides

Energy storage, Insulation, 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Saturated fatty acids

Single bond, as many hydrogens as possible, Meat/dairy, Cardiovascular disease

Unsaturated fatty acids

double or triple bonds, could add a hydrogen or two, plant oils, fish, avocados, omega fatty acids

Steroids

nonpolar, flat or circular, often hormones

Proteins

polymers of amino acid monomers,

Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids, fold to make final protein shape (Primary structure- Secondary structure- Tertiary structure- Quaternary structure)

Nucleic Acids

DNA polymer consists of 4 different nucleotides

Heredity

genes, genetic blueprint, DNA

RNA

protein synthesis (Gene)

Gene expression

making proteins from our DNA

Transcription

makes a working copy of the gene (RNA)

Translation

Translate the nucleotides to amino acids

ATP

immediate energy, breakdown glucose, 3 phosphates

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Made of lipids, protein translation

Ribosomes

Organelles made of proteins and RNA, found on ER and cytoplasm

Golgi Body

Processes and packages proteins for transport

Cytoskeleton

Structure, made of proteins, transports material within the cell

Actin

Cytoskeleton proteins, muscle contraction

Mitochondria

Produce ATP, own DNA (inherited from mother)

Cytoplasm

Fluid within the cell, protein translation

Vesicle

made of lipids, transport of material within the cell

Plasma Membrane

phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, semipermeable

Can pass through (plasma membrane)

Hydrophobic, small uncharged polar, no charge

Can't pass through (plasma membrane)

Large uncharged polar, Ions, charged,

Diffusion

High concentration to Low concentration

Passive transport

No energy required, Down concentration gradient (high to low)

Active Transport

Needs energy, Up concentration gradient (low to high)

Solution

homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances, solute is dissolved into solvent

Histology

Healthy tissues

Tissues

collections of cells that work together toward a common function

Fixation

Preserves tissues

Sectioning

makes thin slices

Staining

makes structures visible

Epithelial Tissue

Sheets of connective cells, outermost layer of the skin (epidermis), linings of blood vessels, GI tract, hollow organs

Attachment

to eachother and to a basement membrane

Avascularity

No blood vessels, must obtain nutrients by diffusion

Regeneration

Life span 2-6 days, regeneration by stem cells

Simple

One layer

Stratified

multiple layers

Squamous

Flat

Cuboidal

Cube

Columnar

Column

Epithelial Functions

Protection, Control absorption and secretion, Location for some sensation, specialized glandular secretions

Endocrine Gland

Produce hormones, travel long distance in blood stream

Exocrine Gland

Secretions stay local across the glands, Sweat, has a DUCT

Connective Tissue

Support and interconnect the parts of the body, Made of Cells, Fibers, Ground Substance, Vascular

Extracellular Matrix

Connective tissue floats around in this (goop)

Macrophages (langercell)

protection

Fibroblasts

Create protein fibers of matrix

Adipocytes

store lipids

Fluid Matrix

Blood and lymph

Solid Matrix

Cartilage and bone

Gel-like Matrix

Loose and dense

Areolar tissue

contains many fibers, in between organs all throughout the body, connects things, membranes, loose

Adipose Tissue

tightly packed with adiposecytes, long term fat/energy storage, important padding, insulate the body

Mucous membrane

lining passages to outside world

Serous membrane

lining interior cavities of our body

Membrane

Areolar tissue and epithelial

Dense Connective Tissue

High volume of collagen fibers with scattered fibroblasts

Regular Dense

tendons and ligaments

Irregular Dense

Located in skin, tough outside layer of organs, Ex. Capsule of kidney

integumentary system

includes skin, hair, nails, glands

Six functions (integumentary system)

Protection, thermoregulation, structural support, disposal of waste, sensory receptors, synthesizes vitamin D

Thin Skin

4 Layers

Thick Skin

5 layers, palms of hands and soles of feet, Stratum lucidum

Melanocytes

produce melanin, humans have the same # of melanocytes

Melanin

pigment in skin, protects cells from UV rays, Prevents Vitimin D synthesis

Eumelanin

brown, black

Pheomelanin

reddish, yellow

light skin

less UV is absorbed, cell damage in more lickely

Dark Skin

more UV is absorbed, cell damage is less likely

Dermis

two layers (papillary and reticular), hair and sweat glands,

Arrector Pili muscle

goose bumps