chemical testing

pH

Used to determine acid-base disorder status, sensitive for pH 5-9, double indicator system with methyl red and bromothymol blue.

Proteinuria

Increased protein in urine, can be pre-renal (not caused by kidney disease) or renal (glomerular, tubular, orthostatic, microalbuminuria, post-renal).

Glucose

Used to diagnose and monitor diabetes, reacts with glucose oxidase reagent pad in a double sequential enzymatic reaction.

Ketones

Produced in urine during increased fat metabolism, significant in managing insulin-dependent type I diabetes.

Hematuria

Presence of intact RBCs in urine, indicative of various kidney conditions or non-pathological causes like strenuous exercise.

Hemoglobinuria

Presence of lysed RBCs in urine, can result from IV hemolysis or other conditions leading to RBC breakdown.

Myoglobinuria

Presence of myoglobin in urine, associated with muscle wasting diseases or conditions like rhabdo or trauma.

Isosthenuria

Specific gravity of 1.010, indicating a balanced concentration of solutes in urine.

Hyposthenuria

Specific gravity less than 1.010, indicating diluted urine.

Hypersthenuria

Specific gravity greater than 1.010, indicating concentrated urine.