Kaplan Test 9 Flashcards

Type of Turns in Proteins

i and i + 5→ pi

i and i + 3→ beta

i and i +4→ alpha

i and i + 2→ gamma

alpha helical turn conversion

every 3.6 amino acids

Para vs diamagnetic

Dia→ no unpaired electrons

Para→ at least one unpaired electrons

Common Emission Spectra Range

OH, Carbonyl, Double C, Nitrile, C-O

3300→ OH

1700→ Carbonyl

1600→ double C

Nitrile→2200

C-O→ 1000-1300

Components of Ideal gas

Gas particles have negligible volume

No intermolecular forces

Collisions are perfectly elastic

Particles move randomly and continuously.

Separation Techniques

Gravity Filtration→ Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid by passing the mixture through filter paper using gravity.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction→ Separates dissolved compounds based on differences in solubility between two immiscible liquids

Rotary Evaporation→ Removes a volatile solvent by evaporation under reduced pressure, leaving the dissolved compound behind.

Centrifugation→Separates components based primarily on density by rapidly spinning the mixture; denser material forms a pellet.

Base Excision Repair

fixes non-helical base lesions caused by oxidation, alkylation, or deamination

Nucleotide Excision Repair

removes bulky, helix distorting lesions such as thymine dimers caused by UV radiation

Glycogenolysis

Glycogen→G1P via glycogen phosphorylase

G1P→ G6P via phosphoglucomutase

Refractive Equation

n = c/v

c: speed of light

v: speed through media

ELISA Method

uses antibodies to detect or measure a specific protein.

OAA Structure

alpha keto structure

Stroke Volume

the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle of the heart during each heartbeat

What do ACE inhibitors do?

Block conversion of angiotensin I → angiotensin II, decreasing blood pressure.

Purpose of Angiotensin ll

Vasoconstriction

↑ Aldosterone

↑ ADH

↑ thirst

Exchange Mobility

People swap positions in the social hierarchy, but the overall social structure stays about the same.

Structural Mobility

People move up or down because society/economy itself changes, creating or eliminating certain types of jobs.

Macula and Fovea

The macula is the central retinal region for detailed/color vision; the fovea is its center, has the highest cone density, and provides the greatest visual acuity.

Peripheral Retina

Contains mostly rods and specializes in peripheral vision, motion detection, and low-light/night vision, with lower visual acuity and poor color detection

Two Conditions of Elaborate Likelihood Model

motivation and ability to process the message

Strain Theory

deviance occurs when there is a gap between a person’s culturally valued goals (winning, financial success)

Labeling Theory

individuals labels as deviant lead individuals to adopt that identity

Control Theory

strong social bonds promote conformity and deviance results from weakened attachment

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Processes visual information (right LGN processes left visual and vice versa)

magnocellular cells and parvocellular cells

M→ movements: low spatial/detail and color resolution

P→ precise picture

High vs Low Dependency Ratio

High dependency ratio = many dependents (children + elderly) relative to working-age people → greater economic burden

Low dependency ratio = fewer dependents relative to working-age people → lower economic burden

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Rest and digest” — ACh increases digestion, urination, salivation, and pupil constriction, while decreasing heart rate.

cadherins

a major family of calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion in animal tissue

Different Effects on Equilibrium (Pressure, Volume, Temperature)

Temperature

• If reaction is exothermic then heat is product→ raising temp shifts to left

• Vice versa for endothermic

Pressure

• If pressure increases, compression occurs and equilibrium is shifted in the direction the side occupying less moles of gas

Volume

• Increasing volume decreases pressure and shifts to side with more moles of gas.

Sperm Growth

Go Cycle, Then Swim

Outside→ Basement Membrane→ Spermatogonia→ Spermatocytes→ Spermatids→ Spermatozoa→ Lumen

Sperm Path

“Sperm Eventually Venture Everywhere Until Pregnancy”

Sperm → Seminiferous tubules

Eventually → Epididymis

Venture → Vas deferens

Everywhere → Ejaculatory duct

Until → Urethra

Pregnancy → Penis

Equation for Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic Pressure = iMRT

i→ amount of solute

M→ molarity

R→ gas constant

T→temperature

Glial Cells

CNS: A MON

A — Astrocytes: support neurons, regulate the extracellular environment, help maintain the blood-brain barrier

M — Microglia: immune cells/macrophages of the CNS; remove pathogens and cellular debris

O — Oligodendrocytes: produce myelin in the CNS

M — Ependymal cells: line the ventricles and help produce/circulate CSF

PNS: “SS”

Schwann cells: produce myelin in the PNS

Satellite cells: support neuron cell bodies in PNS ganglia

Color Wavelengths

Violet: 380 to 450 nm

Blue: 450 to 495 nm

Green: 495 to 570 nm

Yellow: 570 to 590 nm

Orange: 590 to 620 nm

Red: 620 to 750 nm