Final Exam PSYC 301

Emotion

A shift in the mode of physiological and cognitive processing.

Six basic emotions

Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Anger, Surprise, Disgust.

Social referencing

Learning how to react to certain situations by using others' facial expressions or vocal cues.

Separation anxiety

Distress experienced when separated from primary caregivers.

Attachment styles

Secure, avoidant, insecure, and insecure-disorganized patterns of attachment developed between infants and caregivers.

Emotional contagion

The phenomenon where the emotions of others affect one's own emotions.

Emotion regulation

Processes used to monitor and manage emotional responses.

Co-regulation

Caregiver provides comfort or distraction to reduce a child’s distress.

Temperament

Constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation.

Gender differences in rates of depression

Depression is more common in adolescent girls than in boys.

Threat detection task

A task where children must identify snake stimuli among flowers, showing innate abilities to detect threats.

Observational learning

Learning new behaviors by observing and imitating the actions of others (Bandura’s Social Learning Theory).

Strange Situation

A procedure for assessing the attachment style of infants based on their reactions to caregivers leaving and returning.

Rouge test

A measure of self-recognition where children identify a mark on their own face in a mirror.

Pragmatics

Knowledge about how language is used in context, such as turn-taking.

Infant-directed speech (IDS)

A culturally universal way that adults speak to infants, which captures their attention.

Word segmentation

The process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech.

Overregularization

Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular.

Theory of Mind (ToM)

The ability to understand that others have different knowledge states or beliefs from one's own.