MSState Exercise Physiology Ch.0

another term for anatomy

morphology

another term for physiology

function

the study of structure

morphology

the controlled variable

independent

"response" or "outcome" variable; cannot be controlled

dependent

the variable that muddies up interpretation

confounding

variable normally graphed on the x axis

independent

variable normally graphed on y axis

dependent

a relationship; +/-, direct/inverse

linear

a relationship; +/-, fast/slow

curvilinear

The environmental examples like temp, humidity, light, noise, food, sleep are important to consider when performing tests because they can be what type of variable?

confounding variable

a confounding variable; the regular monthly series of hormonal and physical changes that the female body goes through to prepare for a potential pregnancy

menstrual cycle

it's normally best to run tests on men b/c of the effects of the _________ ______ on results

menstrual cycle

a confounding variable; the body's natural, internal 24-hour cycle that regulates sleep, hormone release, body temperature, and other vital functions

circadian rhythm (diurnal cycle)

exercise device that allows amount and rate of work to be controlled and measured

ergometers

dynamic constancy

homeostasis

theory that says "your body is always trying to maintain a set point"

set point theory

"the adapted balance point during exercise"

steady state

the point during a workout when your body's energy and oxygen supply match the demands of the exercise

steady state

3 components of a biological control system

sensor, control system, effector

a specialized cell, tissue, or organ that detects changes in a physiological or environmental variable (the stimulus) and sends input signals to a control center

sensor

analyzes the incoming signal from the sensors and determine the required response

control system

Muscles or glands that execute the command from the control center to alter the variable and restore balance

effectors

Most biological control systems are ran by what type of feedback?

negative feedback

reduces intensity of stimulus in attempt to restore homeostasis; return to homeostasis decreases/removes stimulus, stopping further response of system

negative feedback

promote/intensifies a process; amplification

positive feedback loop

a stressor, disrupting homeostasis in many ways

exercise

control systems usually can maintain steady-state during...submaximal exercise in a cool environment

submaximal exercise in a cool environment

may exceed the ability for even the highest gain control systems to maintain steady state

intense or prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment

severe disturbances in homeostasis result in...

fatigue

exercise fatigue involves...

a lower pH (from more hydrogen ions being released)

mainly due to training adaptations that result in better maintenance of homeostasis

improved exercise performance following training

responses during exercise

acute

long-term effects of working out

chronic adaptations to training

the process where the body changes to handle a specific environmental stress, like heat or altitude, during exercise over one to two weeks

acclimation

chemical messenger produced in a cell causes a response within the same cell

intracrine

chemical messenger produced in one cell moves to adjacent cell through direct cell-to-cell contact, causing a response in the adjacent cell

juxtacrine

chemical messenger produced in a cell is released and binds to receptors on its own cell surface to produce a response within the cell that produced it

autocrine

chemical messenger produced in a cell is released and binds to receptors on nearby cells to produce a response

paracrine

chemical messenger produced in a cell is released, enters the general blood stream, and binds to receptors on distant cells to produce a response

endocrine

5 types of cell signaling mechanisms

intracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

damages cellular proteins which decreases function

stress

unstable molecules with an unpaired electron

free radicals

synthesized in response to cellular stressors; they work to help repair cellular damage

stress proteins

discovered when studying heat, but respond to many different stressors and work to repair damaged proteins; type of stress protein

heat shock proteins

we repair damage to existing proteins and we stimulate the production of new proteins, which then often enhances function over what it was previously

cellular stress response

improves the ability of cells to maintain homeostasis

exercise-induced protein synthesis

usually promote different cell signaling pathways, but some genes are activated by both (ex. stress proteins)

resistance and endurance exercise

Some aspect of ___________ stimulates a cell signaling pathway.

performance

When a cell signaling pathway is activated (usually through a few reactions), what is activated?

transcriptional activator

binds to a gene promoter region on the DNA

transcriptional activator

Whatever areas of the DNA ______, get transcribed to mRNA.

unwind

mRNA will then find a ribosome, where it will then get...

translated into a protein

"more production yields better (adapted) function"

cellular protein synthesis