reading q2

Root

the basic part of a word that contains its main meaning

Affix

a word part added to a root to change its meaning

Prefix

an affix added before a root word

Suffix

an affix added after a root word

Critical Listening

listening to facts and supporting details to understand and evaluate a message

Emphatic Listening

listening by putting yourself in another person’s situation to understand their feelings and message

Appreciative Listening

listening to identify appealing sounds imagery descriptions and figurative language

Reflective Listening

listening by asking questions and seeking explanations to encourage responses and develop ideas

Sentence

a group of words with a subject and predicate that expresses a complete thought

Subject

the part of a sentence that tells who or what the sentence is about

Predicate

the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject

Sentence Fragment

a group of words that does not express a complete thought

Phrase Fragment

an incomplete group of words that lacks a subject and a verb and cannot stand alone as a sentence

Clause Fragment

an incomplete clause that does not express a complete thought as a sentence

Prepositional Phrase

a group of words beginning with a preposition that functions as a unit in a sentence

Participial Phrase

a group of words beginning with a participle that describes a noun or pronoun

Gerund Phrase

a group of words built around a gerund ending in -ing that functions as a noun

Infinitive Phrase

a group of words built around to plus the base form of a verb

Sonnet 116

a poem by William Shakespeare about the unchanging and enduring nature of true love

True Love

love that remains constant despite changes and difficulties

Impediment

an obstacle or something that prevents progress

Alteration

a change or modification

Tempest

a violent storm

Time

a force that changes physical beauty but cannot destroy true love in Sonnet 116

Literary Device

a writing technique used to express ideas creatively and create meaning

Alliteration

the repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words

Assonance

the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words

Hyperbole

an exaggeration used to emphasize an idea or create strong feelings

Imagery

descriptive language that appeals to the senses and creates mental pictures or sensations

Auditory Imagery

descriptive language that appeals to the sense of hearing

Visual Imagery

descriptive language that appeals to the sense of sight

Irony

a literary device in which the actual outcome or meaning differs from what is expected or intended

Onomatopoeia

the use of words that imitate the sounds they represent

Oxymoron

a figure of speech that combines two contradictory words

Personification

giving human qualities or characteristics to nonhuman things

Metaphor

a comparison between two unlike things without using like or as

Simile

a comparison between two unlike things using like or as

Repetition

the repeated use of a word or line to emphasize an idea

Rhyme

the similarity of sounds at the ends of words

Word Formation

the process of creating new words that become part of a language

Coinage

the invention of completely new words or the use of product names as general terms

Borrowing

the process of adopting words from another language

Compounding

the process of combining two or more words or word bases to form a new word

Clipping

the shortening of a word without changing its original meaning

Back-formation

the creation of a new word by removing an actual or supposed affix from an existing word

Blending

the process of combining parts of two or more words to create a new word

Xerox

an example of coinage based on a brand name

Kodak

an example of coinage based on a brand name

Watt

a unit of power named after James Watt

Piano

a word borrowed from Italian

Croissant

a word borrowed from French

Notebook

a compound word formed from note and book

Workroom

a compound word formed from work and room

Stir-fry

a compound word formed from stir and fry

Bittersweet

a compound word formed from bitter and sweet

Ad

a clipped form of advertisement

Gator

a clipped form of alligator

Exam

a clipped form of examination

Advertainment

a blend of advertisement and entertainment

Biopic

a blend of biographical and picture

Brunch

a blend of breakfast and lunch

Normal Word Order

a sentence pattern in which the subject usually comes before the verb

Inverted Word Order

a sentence pattern in which the verb comes before the subject

Inverted Sentence

a sentence in which the subject comes after the verb

Subject-Verb Agreement

the rule that a verb must agree with its subject in number

Singular Subject

a subject referring to one person place thing or idea

Plural Subject

a subject referring to more than one person place thing or idea

There

a word that often signals an inverted sentence and does not function as its subject

Here

a word that often signals an inverted sentence and does not function as its subject

There is

a form used with singular subjects

There are

a form used with plural subjects

There’s

a contraction of there is that should not be used with plural subjects

Here’s

a contraction of here is

Inverted Questions

questions in which the verb usually comes before the subject

Emphasis

special importance given to an idea through word order or sentence structure

Alteration

a change or modification

Apothecary

a person who prepared and sold medicines

Florins

gold or silver coins formerly used in several European countries

Impediment

an obstacle or something that blocks progress

Pilgrimage

a journey to a sacred or important place

Roisterer

a person who behaves noisily and enjoys rowdy activities

Tavern

an establishment that serves drinks and sometimes food or lodging

Tempest

a violent storm