Chapter 10 - Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Which of the following refers to attitudes or affective responses toward a group and its members?

A. Stereotyping

B. Prejudice

C. Discrimination

B. Prejudice

Which of the following best describes modern racism?

A. Openly acknowledging one’s racist beliefs

B. Showing ingroup favoritism, no matter what

C. Behaving in an egalitarian way only when others are present

D. Discriminating only when one feels the behavior can be rationalized

D. Discriminating only when one feels the behavior can be rationalized

Which of the following is correct about benevolent sexism?

A. Benevolent sexism involves treating all women with hostility.

B. Benevolent sexism is unrelated to hostile sexism.

C. Benevolent sexist attitudes are resistant to change.

D. Benevolent sexism is not harmful because it is based on good intentions.

C. Benevolent sexist attitudes are resistant to change.

Taeho wants to examine anti-Asian bias at his university, specifically the belief that Asian Americans are foreign and not American. Given that this attitude can be implicit, or hidden, which of the following measures should he consider using?

A. Assess whether people are faster to respond on a task when “Asian American” is paired with “foreign” than when “Asian American” is paired with “American”

B. Provide people with a list of trait adjectives and have them select the ones that they believe characterize Asian Americans

C. Have people respond anonymously to a questionnaire asking about attitudes toward Asian Americans

D. Interview people and ask them about whether they think “Asian American” reminds them of “foreign” or “American”

A. Assess whether people are faster to respond on a task when “Asian American” is paired with “foreign” than when “Asian American” is paired with “American”

According to realistic group conflict theory, which of the following situations is most likely to provoke intergroup conflict?

A. When people feel loyal to their ingroup

B. When groups are seen as fundamentally different from each other

C. When two groups live very far from each other

D. When there is a scarcity of resources

D. When there is a scarcity of resources

Lex is an elementary school principal who has noticed that the 3rd-grade children have been fighting with the 4th-grade children on the playground during recess. Lex wants to figure out a way to get the two groups of children to stop fighting. Which of the following methods should be the most effective based on what was learned from Sharif’s Robbers Cave study?

A. Have the 3rd and 4th graders play together in the park, which is a neutral area

B. Ask the 3rd and 4th graders to help find lost soccer balls so they can all play during recess

C. Remind the 4th graders that they are older than the 3rd graders

D. Have the 3rd and 4th graders compete in a tournament against each other

B. Ask the 3rd and 4th graders to help find lost soccer balls so they can all play during recess

Which of the following correctly describes the “jigsaw” classroom?

A. The “jigsaw” classroom leads to more positive attitudes toward different ethnic groups, but worsened class performance.

B. The “jigsaw” classroom ensures that no student can learn all the material without the help of their classmates.

C. The “jigsaw” classroom requires students to independently learn all the material and then compare what they learned with their classmates.

D. The “jigsaw” classroom splits up students into groups by ethnicity and gender and has students learn all the material with their group.

B. The “jigsaw” classroom ensures that no student can learn all the material without the help of their classmates.

Sula wants to use the minimal group paradigm to see how members of each group assign points to members of their ingroup versus members of the outgroup. Which of the following would enable Sula to examine the impact of being in a “minimal group”?

A. Create groups with a very small number of individuals

B. Create groups based on arbitrary criteria

C. Create groups based on attitudes toward important issues

D. Create groups based on social group memberships

B. Create groups based on arbitrary criteria

Based on social identity theory, which of the following people would be most likely to show ingroup favoritism?

A. A person who feels uncertain about their own attitudes, values, and feelings

B. A person whose ingroup experiences a failure

C. A person who feels shame about their group affiliation

D. A person who is told to think about how they are distinctive from their group

A. A person who feels uncertain about their own attitudes, values, and feelings

Sergei is told that his performance needs improvement during an evaluation meeting with his manager. After the meeting, he reviews the résumés of several job candidates. According to the social identity theory, which of the following behaviors is Sergei most likely to engage in to increase his self-esteem?

A. Favorably rate the candidate who is a member of what Sergei considers an outgroup

B. Poorly rate the candidate who is a member of what Sergei considers an outgroup

C. Rate the candidate from what Sergei considers an outgroup in the same way as the candidate from what Sergei considers his ingroup

D. Poorly rate the candidate who is a member of what Sergei considers his ingroup

B. Poorly rate the candidate who is a member of what Sergei considers an outgroup

Which of the following correctly describes how stereotypes are manifest in intergroup bias?

A. Minority group members are more likely to be stereotyped because they engage in more instances of negative behavior.

B. People who are less familiar with minority group members are less likely to stereotype members of that group.

C. People tend to describe negative behavior of an outgroup member that is consistent with their stereotypes on a more concrete level.

D. People confirm their stereotypes by treating outgroup members in a way that encourages behavior in line with the stereotype.

D. People confirm their stereotypes by treating outgroup members in a way that encourages behavior in line with the stereotype.

Youssef strongly believes that student athletes are not academically inclined. If he encounters a student athlete who has a straight-A average, which of the following scenarios is most likely to occur, according to the cognitive perspective of intergroup bias?

A. Youssef will carefully consider whether there are more cases that confirm or disconfirm his stereotype of student athletes.

B. Youssef will immediately abandon the stereotype because he has been given disconfirming evidence.

C. Youssef will subtype that student athlete and consider them an exception.

D. Youssef will modify his stereotype to think that student athletes are indeed academically inclined.

C. Youssef will subtype that student athlete and consider them an exception.

Which of the following is correct about the cognitive processes behind stereotyping and prejudice?

A. People can choose to not activate a stereotype.

B. Prejudiced people have more knowledge of stereotypes than nonprejudiced people.

C. Stereotypes are based solely on rapid, automatic processing that is not given much conscious attention.

D. Prejudiced and nonprejudiced people differ in their controlled cognitive processes, but not their automatic cognitive processes.

D. Prejudiced and nonprejudiced people differ in their controlled cognitive processes, but not their automatic cognitive processes.

A series of studies by Correll and colleagues (2002) examined how White people would react when they saw a White or Black character in a video game suddenly appear holding either a gun or a nonthreatening object. Participants were asked to respond as quickly as possible by pressing a key to “shoot” if the character was holding a weapon or pressing a different key to “not shoot” if the character was holding a nonthreatening object. Which of the following best describes the results?

A. Participants were most likely to make the mistake of shooting an unarmed Black character.

B. Participants were most likely to make the mistake of failing to shoot an armed Black character.

C. Participants were most likely to make the mistake of shooting an unarmed White character.

D. Participants did not make any mistakes for iterations with the White character but made mistakes for iterations with the Black character.

A. Participants were most likely to make the mistake of shooting an unarmed Black character.

Jordan wants to reduce occurrences of racist behaviors in a group of White male Twitter users. According to research on the efficacy of social media for reducing intergroup tensions, which of the following methods should be the most effective in reducing racist online behavior of White male Twitter users in this situation?

A. Sending criticism from a White Twitter bot with only a few followers

B. Sending criticism from a White Twitter bot with many followers

C. Sending criticism from a Black Twitter bot with only a few followers

D. Sending criticism from a Black Twitter bot with many followers

B. Sending criticism from a White Twitter bot with many followers

According to the contact hypothesis, which of the following conditions is most likely to reduce prejudice?

A. Emphasis on group membership

B. A community with rigid social norms

C. A superordinate goal

D. Group differences in status

C. A superordinate goal

Which of the following is a pitfall of multiculturalism?

A. Multiculturalism is generally not preferred over color-blindness by members of marginalized groups.

B. Multiculturalism has been shown to decrease perspective taking.

C. Multiculturalism has been shown to decrease support for pro-diversity policies.

D. Multiculturalism has been shown to increase race essentialism.

D. Multiculturalism has been shown to increase race essentialism.

Company A emphasizes diversity initiatives and holds yearly diversity training workshops. Based on research on the effectiveness of diversity training, which of the following is the most likely to happen?

A. Company A will be better than other companies at retaining people from underrepresented groups.

B. Employees from underrepresented groups may doubt their competence at Company A.

C. Complaints about discrimination will be taken more seriously at Company A than at other companies.

D. Employees at Company A will have long-lasting improved attitudes toward underrepresented groups.

B. Employees from underrepresented groups may doubt their competence at Company A.