biochem complex carbs

glycoconjugates

preteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids

proteoglycans

-long, linear, unbrached oligosaccharides, disaccharide repeating unit (GAG)

glycoproteins

-short oligosaccharides (1-20 chain), highly branched, no repeating sequence, attached to polypeptide

glycolipids

-lipid, carbohydrate attached

which carbohydrate has more protein and less carbs, and is in the highest amount

glycoprotein

which carbohydrate has more carbs and less protein, and repeating units

proteoglycan

what is linked to core proteins in proteoglycans

GAGs

what is ideal for lubricating joints in proteoglycans

glycosaminoglycans

what does repeating disaccharide unit consist of in proteoglycans

N-acetylgalactosamine (amino sugar), plus uronic acid

what types of GAG are there in glycosaminoglycans

hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, heparin, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate

GAG relevance

attract water giving viscosity and cushioning, and play role in cell signaling

which GAGs have GalNAc amino sugar part

chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate

which GAGs have GlcNAc amino sugar part

hyaluronate, heparin, heparan sulfate

which GAGs have GlcUA uronic acid part only

chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronate

which GAGs have GlcUA/IdUA uronic acid part only

heparin, heparan sulfate

which GAGs have IdUA uronic acid part only

dermatan sulfate

hyaluronate is the only GAG thats

not sulfated and not covalently attached to a protein

keratan sulfate is the only GAG with

no uronic acid and has galactose instead

heparin is highly ________ and is a ________ _____________

sulfated, blood thinner

most GAGs have what kind of disaccharide unit link

B-1,3 link

what kind of disaccharide unit link does heparin/heparan sulfate have

a-1,4 link

what kind of disaccharide unit link does dermatan sulfate have

a-1,3 link

dermatan sulfate key location

skin, blood vessel, heart valves, tendons

hyaluronate key location

joint, connective tissue, epithelial and neuronal tissue

chondroitin sulfate key location

cartilage

heparin key location

blood

heparan sulfate key location

endothelial cells

keratan sulfate key location

cornea, skeletal muscle

what linkages are in glycoproteins

N-glycosidic and O-glycosidic

N-glycosidic attached to

asparagine residue

real like example of N-glycosidic

LDL receptor

real like example of O-glycosidic

salivary mucins

different types of N-glycosidic

high mannose and complex (tetra-antennary type)

N-glycosidic also called

N-linked oligosaccharide

O-glycosidic also called

O-linked oligosaccharide

sugars in O-linked oligosaccharides cause

repel force thus prevent protein formation, which makes mucuous and protects GI

high mannose N-glycosidic more common in

glycoproteins in lower eukaryotes and viral envelope glycoproteins

tetra-antennary N-glycosidic more common in

complex oligosaccharides, common in animals

O-glycosidic attached to

serine or threonin residue

type 1 in glycoproteins

N-glycosyl linkage to Asn in plasma membrane proteins

type 2 in glycoproteins

O-glycosyl linkage to ser(thr) in plasma membrane proteins and mucus secretions

type 3 in glycoproteins

O-glycosyl linkage to 5-HOLys in collagen

type 4 in glycoproteins

O-glycosyl linkage to ser in cytoplasmic proteins

what oligosaccharide type has consensus sequence

type 1

glyconjugates important for

structural support, cell signaling, cell recognition, lubrication

what are 3 types of glycoconjugates

proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids

glycoconjugates are

complex carbohydrates made of sugars attached to other molecules

how is glycoconjugate synthesized

by interconversion and activation of dietary sugars

where do glycoconjugates all come from

glucose

glucose forms _______,__________,______ then they build glycoconjugates

galactose, mannose, fructose

______ _______ are broken down to provide building blocks for glycoconjugates

dietary sugars

dietary sugars consist of

lactose and sucrose

lactose (milk) broken down into

galactose and glucose

sucrose (sugar) broken down into

fructose and glucose

those without Gal-1-puridyl transferase in galactose pathway suffer by

galactosemia, causing increase in galactose = toxic

leukocyte adhesion deficiency causes

defective glycoproteins due to recurrent infections leading to poor chemotaxis of leukocytes

galactose pathway leads to

lactose and glycoconjugate formation

glucose pathway leads to

other sugars and glycoconjugate formation

mannose pathway leads to

glycoprotein formation

fructose pathway leads to

glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

what makes fructose go towards glycolysis (direct entry-muscle and other tissue)

using hexokinase to make Fru6P then PFK-1

what makes fructose go towards gluconeogenesis (liver pathway)

using fructokinase to make Fru1P then aldolase to make G3P +DHAP then triose kinase to make 2 G3P

what step does fructose skip when going through gluconeogenesis pathway

bypass glycolysis intermediates (skips regulation portion - step3/4)

synthesis of amino sugars and sialic acid for glycoconjugates (starting point)

fructose 6-p

most sugars are flagged with ____ except sialic acid uses ___

in regard to synthesis of amino sugars and sialic acid for glycoconjugates

UDP, CMP

what does glutamine donate to form amino sugars thats connected to amino acid metabolism?

in regard to synthesis of amino sugars and sialic acid for glycoconjugates

amino group

where does transferases occur in assembly of glycoproteins

in ER

where does pruning and elongation occur in assembly of glycoproteins

in golgi

where do the final product form in assembly of glycoprotein

in golgi with complete structure (biantenary - 2 chains)

are lipid intermediates involved in assembly of glycoproteins

no

how many glycosyl transferases involved in glycoconjugate biosynthesis

more than 100

fucntion of carbohydrate present in glycoproteins

-correct protein folding

-target protein to right location

-enhance protein solubility

-protection from proteolytic degradation

-recognition signal for carbohydrate binding proteins