General, Systemic, and Skeletal Anatomy & Arthrology

tissue types

1. epithelial

2. connective

3. muscular

4. nervous

skeletal system (4 functions)

1. support & protect the body’s soft tissues

2. allow movement with muscles

3. makes blood cells

4. stores calcium

circulatory system (6 functions)

1. distribute O₂ & nutrients

2. transport cell waste & CO₂

3. transport H₂O, electrolytes, hormones & enzymes

4. protect against disease (immunity)

5. by make blood clots to prevent hemorrhage

6. helps regulate body temperature

digestive system (2 functions)

1. food absorption

2. eliminate wastes

respiratory system (3 functions)

1. supply O₂

2. eliminate CO₂

3. help regulate blood pH

urinary system (4 functions)

1. regulate blood chemistry

2. eliminate waste

3. regulates fluid and electrolytes

4. maintain pH

reproductive system

to reproduce the organism

nervous system (2 functions)

1. coordinate voluntary & involuntary body activities

2. transmit electrical impulses

muscular system (3 functions)

1. allow movement

2. posture

3. make body heat

endocrine system

regular body activities with hormones via the cardiovascular system

integumentary system (5 functions)

1. regulates body temperature

2. protect body against pathogens & damage

3. sweat to rid of wastes

4. receive stimuli

5. synthesize vitamins and biochemicals

# of bones in the axial & appendicular skeletons

• axial: 80 bones

• appendicular: 106

sesamoid bones

• aren’t counted as the axial & appendicular skeletons

• can be fractured by trauma

• e.g. patellae, on first toe

long bones

• only found in the appendicular skeleton

• e.g. humerus

long bone composition

1. compact bone/cortex

2. body/shaft

3. spongy/cancellous bone (w/ red bone marrow)

4. medullary (w/ fatty yellow marrow)

5. periosteum (membrane not at articulating surfaces)

6. articular (hyaline) cartilage

7. nutrient artery (through nutrient foramen)

short bones & composition

• roughly cuboidal

• found in carpals (8) and tarsals (7)

• cancellous w/ compact bone

flat bones & composition

• two plates of compact bone w/ cancellous bone & bone marrow between

• e.g. calvaria (skull cap), sternum, ribs, scapulae

irregular bones examples

vertebrae, facial bones, cranium base, and pelvic bones

bone development

• ossification

• RBC production

• intramembranous (replacing membrane) & endochondral (replacing cartilage)

primary & secondary endochondral ossification

• primary: diaphysis → body

• secondary: epiphyses (2) - epiphyseal plates - metaphyses (lengthens bones)

functional classification of joints

1. synarthrosis (immovable)

2. amphiarthrosis (limited movement)

3. diarthosis (freely moveable)

structural classification of joints

1. fibrous: syndemoses, sutures & gomphosis

2. cartilaginous: symphysis & synchondrosis

3. synovial

syndemosis joints + examples

• fibrous

• held by interosseous ligaments & slender fibrous cords for slight movement (ampiarthrodial)

• e.g. tibiofibular joint, sacroiliac junction, carpal, tarsals

suture joints

• fibrous

• only between skull bones w/ interlocking edges

• synarthrodial

gomphosis joints

• fibrous

• roots of teeth (alveolar sockets of mandible & maxillae)

• amphiarthrodial

symphysis joints + examples

• cartilaginous

• broad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage between bones

• capable of being compressed or displaced

• amphiarthrodial

• e.g. intervertebral disks, sternum & symphysis pubis

synchondrosis joint

• cartilaginous

• temporary form (hyaline → bone)

• synathrodial

• e.g. epiphyseal plates & 3-part union of pelvis

synovial joints

• fibrous capsule w/ synovial fluid in fibrous capsule reinforced by accessory ligaments

• diarthodial (besides sacroiliac joint - amphiarthrodial)

• articular cartilage

synovial movement types + examples

1. plane (gliding) - e.g. intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, intercarpal & atlantoaxial (b/t C1 & C2)

2. ginglymus (hinge) - flexion & extension (e.g. interphalangeal & elbow)

3. pivot (trochoid) - bony, pivot-like process surrounded by ligament ring and/or bony structure for rotational movement (e.g. proximal and distal radioulnar joints & C1-2 joint)

4. ellipsoid (condylar) - mostly in one plane w/ slight degree, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction (e.g. metacarpophalangeal, radiocarpal & metatarsophalangeal) (no-no finger)

5. saddle (sellar) - concave-convex, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction & circumduction (e.g. first carpometacarpal joint)

6. ball-and-socket (spheroidal) - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction & medial/lateral (e.g. distal humerus & hip joint)

7. bicondylar - single axis movement like flexion/extension, two convex condyles (can be in fibrous capsule) (e.g. knee, temporomandibular/TMJ)

body habitus

1. sthenic

2. hyposthenic

3. hypersthenic

4. astenic (long & narrow)

5. bariatic (obesity)