Rule utilitarianism

Whose theory is this

John Stuart Mill

Why does Mill believe this is more practical than act utilitarianism?

• it was practically impossible to calculate the utility of every action on the spot which isn’t needed for rule utilitarianism

• It solves the issue of ‘tyranny of the majority’ as even if someone suffering may make more people happy, the rules would not allow someone to suffer

• it allows for partiality so you can prioritise loved ones

What is its main focus

the consequences of general rules rather than specific actions

what makes an action morally right?

if it complies with a set of rules which, if everybody followed, would lead to the greatest happiness compared to any other rules, and is judged on a general basis, not case by case

Strong rule utilitarianism

strictly follow the rules no matter the circumstance, even if breaking them would lead to greater happiness

However this loses sight of the whole point of utilitarianism which is to maximise happiness and leads ot rule worship (J.J. Smart).

Weak rule utilitarianism

Follow the rules unless breaking them leads to greater happiness, but how is this different to act utilitarianism if you take each situation on a case by case basis to see if the rules should be broken?

Therefore there would be no point in having the rules at all.

primary principle

focuses on maximisig happiness

secondary principle

focuses on how to maximise happiness, like the rules

how does rule utilitarianism solve the problems with calculation?

there is no need to do any calculations here as you just need to follow rules. therefore all complications are removed

how does rule utilitarianism solve the problems with partiality?

having rules that may protect family and friends creates a happier society rather than forcing everyone to prioritise strangers and be impartial

how does rule utilitarianism solve the problems with fairness?

A rule guaranteeing individual rights and legal protections generates more long-term social security and happiness than a rule permitting injustice.