Chapter 8 Charting oral exam and oral pathology - Part 2

what is measured by the amount of movement of the tooth

mobility index (M)

the movement is an indication of what

loss of bone support surrounding the tooth

how is a mobility index done

1. dental probe is placed on buccal surface of tooth

2. gentle pressure is applied and measure how much the tooth moved

the stage of periodontal disease needs to be ___ so that the progression of disease can be determined

recorded

stage of periodontal disease the is reversible

stage 1

stage of periodontal disease that cannot be reversed but can be halted

1. stage 2

2. stage 3

3. stage 4

periodontal disease stage that is normal healthy periodontium with no gingivitis or periodontitis evident, gingival tissue is pink and firmly adhered to underlying bone, gingival margin has sharp "knife edge", no abnormal pockets

stage PD-0

periodontal disease stage that is gingivitis only, no attachment loss, mild redness and edema of gingival tissue, rounding of gingival margin, loss of basophilic stippling, no tooth mobility, no radiographic changes

Stage PD-1

Stage of periodontal disease that is early periodontitis, irreversible, edema and notable bleeding with probing, early pocket formation gingival recession, and/or bone loss, stage 1 furcation in multi-rooted tooth, attachment loss of <25%

Stage PD-2

periodontal disease stage that is moderate periodontitis, continued pocket formation bone loss +/- gingival recession, stage 2 furcation, visible radiographic changes, rounding of alveolar crestal bone at cervical portion, attachment loss 25-50%

Stage PD-3

periodontal disease stage that is advanced periodontitis, severe inflammation, deep pockets, gingival recession, bone loss, and tooth mobility, stage 3 furcation, visible radiographic changes including horizontal and vertical bone loss, attachment loss >50%

stage PD-4

the inflammation of the mucous membranes and structures of the oral cavity

stomatitis (ST)

is stomatitis difficult to diagnose and treat

yes

stomatitis is ___ and ___ condition

1. chronic

2. painful

what needs to be tested before confirming stomatitis

1. FeLV

2. FIV

3. feline calicivirus

stomatitits usually results in what extractions

full mouth

A condition commonly associated with the maxillary canines of cats, produces a pronounced bulging appearance of the osseous tissue, In most cases it is a result of chronic inflammation associated with advanced periodontal disease of root resorption, Should biopsy to confirm

chronic alveolar osteitis

how is chronic alveolar osteitis treated

1. Periodontal debridement and perioceutics

2. Extractions may be required

antibiotics that are placed in the periodontal pocket for chronic alveolar osteitis

perioceutics

what is in conjunction with chronic alveolar osteitis in cats

maxillary canine extrusion

when the maxillary teeth may appear to extrude and appear longer than normal, have an increased amount of gingival recession, may cause trauma to lower lip from extruded teeth

maxillary canine extrusion

what is the treatment for maxillary canine extrusion

1. vital pulpectomy or root canal

2. blunt teeth

3. If chronic alveolar osteitis is presented the extraction is indicated

what results from severe periodontal disease

oronasal fistulas

oronasal fistulas are most often found where

maxillary canine, palatal aspect

when the periodontal disease destroys the bone and invades the hard palate which is very thin

oronasal fistulas

how is oronasal fistulas detected

dental probe

what is the treatment of oronasal fistulas

1. extraction of canine with gingival flap

what are the autoimmune conditions

1. pemphigus vulgaris

2. bullous pemphigoid

3. lupus erythematosus

autoimmune condition where a reaction against the protein structures hold cells together

pemphigus vulgaris

what are signs of pemphigus vulgaris

1. oral blisters and/or ulcerative oral

2. mucocutaneous lesion

autoimmune condition where a reaction against the structure that holds the epithelium to the connective tissue

bullous pemphigoid

what are signs of bullous pemphigoid

1. erythematous erosive

2. blistering

3. ulcerative lesions

autoimmune condition where there is a reaction against both the nucleus and cytoplasm

lupus erythematosus

what are signs of lupus erythematosus

1. affect more than oral cavity (skin, intestinal organs)

n autoimmune disease that affect the temporal, masseter, and medial/lateral pterygoid muscles

masticatory muscle myositis (MMM)

what species is MMM seen in

1. large breed dogs

2. cavalier king charles spaniels

MMM presents with what

1. bilateral swelling of jaw muscles

2. drooling

3. pain on opening mouth

4. nicitating membrane may protrude

5. may have a red eye and protrusion of eyeball

what is seen after the acute MMM stage

atrophy of jaw muscles with fibrosis

what is the treatment of MMM

corticosteriods for 4-6 months

the result of friction on teeth caused by an external object such as a toy or hair

abrasion

result of friction from tooth-on-tooth contact and occurs with malocclusions

attrition

staining that comes from accumulations on the tooth's surface

extrinsic

staining that comes from endogenous factors that discolor the dentin (trauma or pulpitis), starts pink or purple then changes gray or brown

intrinsic

what drug causes discolored teeth

tetracyclines

fractures that do not involve pulp exposure

uncomplicated fracture

fractures that involve pulp exposure where a dark spot is exposed of the pulp

complicated fracture

what teeth are most commonly fractured

maxillary fourth upper premolar

classification of fracture that is incomplete fracture or crack in the enamel without loss of tooth substance

enamel infraction (EI)

classification of fracture that is a fracture without loss of the crown substance and confined to the enamel

Enamel fracture (EF)

classification of fracture that involves the enamel and possible dentin but the pulp is not exposed

Uncomplicated crown fracture (UCF)

classification of fracture that involves the enamel and dentin and the pulp is exposed

Complicated crown fracture (CCF)

classification of fracture that involves both the crown and root, pulp is not exposed

Uncomplicated crown root fracture (UCRF)

classification of fracture that involves both crown and root and pulp is exposed

complicated crown root fracture (CCRF)

classification of fracture that occurs on the root

root fracture (RF)

the partial displacement from the normal location in the socket

luxation

can a luxated tooth may be vital and saved if it is treated quickly

yes

how is luxation treated

1. replace the tooth

2. splint with acrylic

3. root canal

when the tooth is completely removed from the socket

avulsions

how are avulsions treated

1. place tooth in milk and transport

2. clean and replace tooth and splint with acrylic

3. root canal

can teeth affected by avulsion be saved

yes, if treated immediately

what causes endodontic disease

1. fractures

2. trauma

3. structural abnormalities

4. iatrogenic factors (overheating tooth)

how is endodontic disease detected

through exam of discolored or fractured teeth

Is an enamel abnormality caused by genetics or development

amelogenesis imperfecta

what are the two amelogenesis imperfecta

1. enamal hypoplasia

2. enamel hypomineralization

amelogenesis imperfecta type that has inadequate deposition of the enamel matrix on the crown of the tooth, function of the ameloblasts, Can develop with very high fever in a young animal or trauma during development

enamel hypoplasia

amelogenesis imperfecta type that results of inadequate mineralization of the enamel matrix, Usually affects several or all of the teeth, Enamel will be very soft, have white brown or yellow spots and wear rapidly

enamel hypomineralization

what results from the decay of the enamel caused by oral bacteria, not common in dogs and cats where the lesion will appear as a defect that is darkened due to exposure of the dentin (lesion will be soft and explorer will sink into dentin, demineralization process will continue)

caries