geology 2 correct

Percentage of Earth's water that is saltwater

About 97.5%.

Percentage of Earth's water that is freshwater

About 2.5%.

Why is less than 1% of freshwater available for human use?

Most freshwater is frozen or stored underground.

Reservoir

A place where water is stored.

Flux

The movement of water between reservoirs.

Residence time

How long water stays in a reservoir.

Two energy sources that drive the water cycle

Solar energy and gravity.

Porosity

The amount of open space in rock or sediment.

Permeability

How easily water moves through rock or sediment.

Aquifer

A rock or sediment layer that stores and carries groundwater.

Aquitard

A layer that allows groundwater to move slowly.

Why can clay have high porosity but low permeability?

Clay has many tiny pores, but water cannot move through them easily.

Water table

The top of the saturated zone.

Saturated zone

An area where pore spaces are filled mostly with water.

Unsaturated zone

An area where pore spaces contain both air and water.

What makes a good aquifer?

Well-sorted sand and gravel with connected spaces.

What can excessive groundwater pumping cause?

Land subsidence and saltwater intrusion.

Saltwater intrusion

Seawater entering a freshwater aquifer.

Point-source pollution

Pollution from one clear source, such as a pipe.

Nonpoint-source pollution

Pollution from many spread-out sources, such as runoff.

How does fertilizer cause eutrophication?

It adds nutrients that cause too much algae to grow.

Oxygen depletion

When water has too little oxygen for aquatic life.

Two benefits of dams

Dams store water and produce hydroelectric power.

Two problems caused by dams

They block fish migration and disrupt sediment movement.

Direct water use

Water used directly for drinking, bathing, washing, or irrigation.

Virtual water use

Water used to produce goods and services.

Food with a high water footprint

Beef.

Four main components of soil

Minerals, organic matter, water, and air.

Why is soil important?

It supports plants, filters water, stores carbon, and cycles nutrients.

Monoculture

Growing one type of crop.

Polyculture

Growing multiple types of crops.

Why is polyculture helpful?

It increases biodiversity and lowers crop risks.

Food desert

An area with limited access to affordable, healthy food.

Possible consequence of food deserts

Poor diet and health problems.

Ecological footprint

The land and water needed to support a person’s lifestyle.

Unit for ecological footprint

Global hectares.

Earth Overshoot Day

The day humanity uses more resources than Earth can replace that year.

Mineral

A natural, inorganic solid with an organized structure.

Are minerals renewable or nonrenewable?

Nonrenewable.

Why are minerals nonrenewable?

They form much slower than people use them.

What is quartz used for?

Making glass.

What is gypsum used for?

Making drywall or wallboard.

What is graphite used for?

Pencils and batteries.

What is bauxite used for?

Making aluminum.

What is chalcopyrite used for?

Making copper.

Linear economy

Take, make, use, and throw away.

Circular economy

Reuse, repair, and recycle materials.

Three environmental effects of mining

Habitat loss, soil erosion, and water pollution.

How does warming create a positive feedback loop?

Warming increases evaporation, adding water vapor that traps more heat.