301 from slides

Which statement best describes a computer network?

Two or more devices connected so they can communicate and share resources

In a client-server network what is the primary role of a server?

To provide resources or services to other devices on the network

Which type of network generally connects devices within a relatively small geographic area such as an office or building?

LAN (Local Area Network)

Which device is primarily responsible for forwarding traffic between different IP networks?

Router

What is the primary purpose of a network interface card (NIC)?

To provide a device with an interface for connecting to a network

Which statement best describes a peer-to-peer network?

Devices can act as both clients and servers when sharing resources

Which term describes the physical or logical arrangement of devices and connections in a network?

Topology

Which measurement reflects the actual amount of data successfully transmitted over a network during a given period?

Throughput

Which network characteristic describes the amount of time it takes data to travel from its source toward its destination?

Latency

Which statement best explains why networking standards and protocols are important?

They define agreed-upon rules that allow different systems and devices to communicate

Which of the following best describes a hybrid topology?

Combines multiple topologies like star and bus

In a star-bus topology what component connects individual star segments together?

Trunk cable and backbone

What is the primary function of a Network Operating System (NOS)?

To manage network resources and services centrally

In a client-server model which statement is typically true?

Servers provide centralized services to clients

What is a major disadvantage of the peer-to-peer topology in large networks?

Poor scalability and lack of centralized control

Which network model is more suitable for home or small office environments?

Peer-to-peer

Which feature is not typically associated with client-server networks?

Equal roles for all devices

Which directory service is commonly used in an enterprise client-server environment?

Active Directory

Why is a directory service important in a client-server network?

It provides centralized user authentication and resource management

Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for delivering data to the correct application on a host using port numbers?

Transport layer

What is the role of the network layer in the TCP/IP model?

Provides logical addressing and routing

Which protocol is responsible for delivering packets across different networks?

IP (Internet Protocol)

What does encapsulation in networking refer to?

Packaging data with headers as it moves down the OSI/TCP-IP stack

In the TCP/IP stack which protocol data unit (PDU) is used at the network layer?

Packet

What addressing information does a router use to make routing decisions?

IP address

Why is the Internet considered a network of networks?

It interconnects many independent networks via routers

Which layer of the TCP/IP model ensures end-to-end communication and reliability?

Transport layer

What is a defining feature of packet switching used in IP networks?

Data is broken into packets sent independently

How does a host find the IP address corresponding to a domain name like cnn.com?

Via DNS resolution

Which TCP flags are involved in establishing the three-way handshake?

SYN and ACK

Which IP header field causes a packet to be discarded when decremented to zero?

TTL (Time To Live)

Which protocol sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message when a packet's TTL expires?

ICMP

Which protocol resolves an IP address to a physical MAC address?

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

What type of addresses are found in the header of an Ethernet frame?

MAC addresses

What is the function of a routing table?

A database that maintains information about reachable networks and the best next hop to reach them

What is the Main Distribution Frame (MDF)?

The centralized point where a building's internal network connects to external lines/ISP

What distribution facility is typically located in a telecommunications closet on each floor of an enterprise building?

IDF (Intermediate Distribution Frame)

What is the primary reason for using both MDF and IDFs in a multi-story building?

To efficiently distribute network cabling and connections across floors or sections

What type of transmission signal is used in coaxial cabling?

Electrical / Radio frequency

Which twisted-pair cable standard supports 10-Gigabit Ethernet up to 100 meters?

Cat 6a

Which cabling type uses light pulses through a glass core to transmit data?

Fiber optic

Which connector type is standard for fiber optic connections?

LC (Lucent Connector)

What term describes the loss of signal strength as it travels along a transmission medium?

Attenuation

What is the primary function of shielding in STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cabling?

To reduce EMI (electromagnetic interference) and crosstalk

What is crosstalk in network cabling?

A signal on one wire pair creating an undesired electrical disturbance on an adjacent wire pair

What is the main physical difference between single-mode and multi-mode fiber?

Single-mode has a much thinner core (approx 9 microns) and transmits over longer distances

What is the typical core diameter of multi-mode fiber cabling?

50 or 62.5 microns

What physical hardware device counteracts copper cable attenuation by regenerating signals?

Repeater

What environmental condition significantly increases EMI on unshielded twisted pair copper lines?

Running cables parallel to fluorescent lighting or high-voltage power lines

What does the acronym UTP stand for?

Unshielded Twisted Pair

Which 10 Gbps Ethernet copper standard runs over twisted pair cabling?

10GBase-T

Which connector type is standard for twisted-pair Ethernet cables?

RJ-45

What is the maximum standard recommended segment length for Cat 5e / Cat 6 twisted-pair Ethernet?

100 meters

What is an internet (lowercase i)?

A set of two or more interconnected networks

What is the main role of a default gateway configured on an endpoint host?

To deliver packets to external networks when the destination is outside the local subnet

What delivery model does the Internet Protocol (IP) provide?

Best-effort delivery (unreliable and connectionless)

What does network jitter measure?

The variation in packet arrival times

In a home or SOHO network what combined functions does an ISP gateway router provide?

Modem + NAT router + Wi-Fi access point + Ethernet switch + DHCP/firewall

Which protocol layer adds both a header and a frame check sequence (FCS) trailer?

Data Link layer

What is the PDU name for the TCP protocol at Layer 4?

Segment

What happens to source and destination MAC addresses as a packet crosses multiple routers?

Both MAC addresses change at each router hop

What happens to source and destination IP addresses in transit across standard routers?

They remain unchanged end-to-end

At which OSI layer does Ethernet operate?

Data Link layer (Layer 2)

What field in a TCP header verifies that incoming data has arrived intact and uncorrupted?

Checksum

What type of route is established when routing protocols automatically determine optimal paths dynamically?

Dynamic route

Which protocol header does a Layer 3 connectivity device (router) read to make forwarding decisions?

IP header

What is the standard Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size for standard Ethernet networks?

1500 bytes

What is the minimum twisted-pair cabling category required to support 100Base-T Fast Ethernet?

Cat 5

Which exterior gateway routing protocol is used to route packets between different Autonomous Systems (AS)?

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Which twisted-pair cable category is specifically preferred for 1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet?

Cat 5e

What is the primary business focus of Cisco Systems?

Networking

Which IEEE standard defines Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)?

IEEE 802.11

Which two radio frequency bands are most commonly utilized in standard WLAN deployments?

2.4 GHz and 5 GHz

What periodic management frame is transmitted by an AP to announce its SSID and capabilities?

Beacon frame

What frame does a wireless client transmit when actively scanning for available access points?

Probe request frame

What 802.11 antenna technology uses multiple transmitters and receivers to improve performance?

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

What is the theoretical maximum data speed supported by the 802.11ac Wi-Fi standard?

6.9 Gbps

What does the acronym SSID stand for in wireless networking?

Service Set Identifier

What is the fundamental role of a wireless access point (AP)?

To bridge traffic between a wireless local area network (WLAN) and a wired network

What is the primary cause of signal attenuation in wireless indoor environments?

Physical distance and solid obstacles (walls

Which legacy wireless encryption standard is considered completely insecure and obsolete?

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)

Which transmission performance metric represents maximum theoretical capacity and is rarely fully achieved as usable throughput?

Bandwidth

Which IPv4 address blocks represent private address space?

10.0.0.0/8

Which network performance factor is most critical for real-time voice and video applications?

Low jitter and low latency

What device receives an existing wireless signal and rebroadcasts it to extend coverage?

Range Extender (Wireless Repeater)

What manufacturer ID (OUI) corresponds to Apple network interfaces?

a4:83:e7

What manufacturer ID (OUI) corresponds to Hitron Technologies interfaces?

64:77:7d

What 802.11 frame category handles association probe requests and beacons?

Management frames

Which 802.11 frame type is related to medium access and data delivery, and includes ACK and RTS/CTS frames?

Control frames

In IEEE 802.11 architecture what term describes a group of client stations communicating through a single AP?

BSS (Basic Service Set)

What frequency spectrum range is allocated for wireless communications by the FCC?

9 kHz to 300 GHz

What media access control method is specified by IEEE 802.11 to minimize radio collisions?

CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)

To allow seamless roaming across multiple access points without workstation reconfiguration what setting must match?

SSID (Service Set Identifier)

What virtualization characteristic is an advantage rather than a downside?

Consolidation of physical servers and efficient hardware utilization

Which cloud computing model delivers virtualized raw hardware

storage

Which cloud computing model delivers end-user software applications completely through a web browser?

SaaS (Software as a Service)

Which cloud computing model provides runtime environments and development frameworks for programmers?

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

What cloud service category do Dropbox and Google Drive fall under?

Cloud storage / SaaS

What is the flagship virtualization product category of VMware?

Hypervisors (ESXi / Workstation)

Which leading tech companies are primarily hardware/semiconductor manufacturers rather than on-demand public cloud providers?

Intel and Nvidia