dynamics of cell

What do all cells derive from

pre existing cells

What is in all cells

surrounded by membrane, has a cytoplasm and organelles

components of prokaryotic cells

-all bacteria are prokaryotes

-no membrane bound nucleus

-has nucleoid

-organelles not bound by membrane

-most primitive cell is prokaryote

What are eukaryotic cells

-fungi/protists/plant/animal cells

-nucleus bound by membrane

-process many organelles

Why is having a large SA:V ration good in cells

-large diffusion distance

-many compartments in cell allows for fast chemical reaction via organelles

What is a simple membrane

Amphipathic phospholipid which is a monolayer/bilayer of hydrophobic heads/hydrophilic tails.

What is a plasma membrane

-phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins and other components (cytoskeleton, glycolipids, carbohydrates)

-bilayer.

-they are also involved in transport

What occurs at the nucleus

-site of cellular DNA storage

-replication and transcription.

-Genetic info stored as DNA and packaged as chromosomes

-has histones proteins to forms chromatin.

What occurs at the ribosome

composed of RNA and protein

carrys out protein synthesis in 1-the cytosol 2-on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum.

What occurs at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

-No ribosomes

-involved in carbohydrate metabolism

-drug metabolism

-iron movement(Fe)

What happens at the rough endoplasmic reticulum

-Associated with nucleus

-site of translation of proteins for membranes/secretion.

What happens at the golgi apparatus

-Receives proteins and lipids in vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, it then modifies this e.g by adding sugars or bind other components, then it sorts and repackage them into new vesicles to sends them to different location (e.g cell membrane/ lysosomes / outside cell)

-packaging and shaping of proteins —> golgi can add sugars and be phosphorylated then debates where protein goes

What occurs in the mitochondria

-Have its own DNA

-double membrane bounded

-break down organic compounds via aerobic respiration

-produces ATP

What do lysosomes do

-contain digestive enzymes

-aid cell renewal (with useful components)

-breaks down old cell parts

-digest invaders!

What do peroxisomes do

sit of synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide as h202 contributes to cellular ages+ causes DNA damage and free radicals

-contains catalase(type of oxidase)

-has urate oxidase crystalline core

-involved in synthesis of lipids/fatty acid oxidation/ detoxification/hydrogen peroxide metabolism

What are the main functions of the cytoskeleton

1-provide the cell with shape and mechanical stability but cytoskeleton can be highly dynamic so can change shape very quickly 

2-cell movement via its dynamic cytoskeleton

3-Cytoskeleton anchors the cell to neighbouring cells to the protein network which the cell is sitting (cell to cell movement or cell to extracellular matrix movement)

4-Cytoskeleton plays essential roles in the equal distribution of chromosomes into each new cell during cell division. (e.g spindle fibres)

 5-microtubules serve as ‘railways’ along which motor proteins pull transport vesicles.

What are the main sections of the cytoskeleton and what do they do

microtubules(made of tubulin), > Transport inside cells and chromosome movement during cell division 

actin filaments(actin),  > Cell movement and changes in cell shape 

intermediate filaments (neurofilaments in neurons) > Provide mechanical strength and stability