chem104 exam1

hybridization

is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that can accommodate bonds between atoms, such as s & p to form a new set of more stable bonds

functional groups

are specific groups of atoms within molecules where reactions tend to occur. They influence the properties and behavior of organic compounds.

polarity = functionality

double/triple bonds

atoms that aren’t C/H

Alkanes

are saturated hydrocarbons consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms w/ the max amount of hydrogen bonds that can be connected. nonpolar ex: methane

Methane

CH4

Ethane

C2H6

propane

C3H8

butane

C4H10

alkyl

has 1 less hydrogen than the alkane counterpart

alkenes

hydrocarbons w/ a double bond

Haloalkanes

carbons bonded to a group #7 element

Amines

form if nitrogen is present

carbonyl

c w/ double ond to oxygen

aldehyde

C=O-H

ketone

carboxylic acid

Amide

Ester

Arrhenius

Acid:

produces H+ in solution

base:

produces OH- in solution

bronsted-Lowry

acid:

donates a proton (H+)

base:

accepts a proton

Lewis

acid:

accepts a pair of electrons (cation)

base:

donates a pair of electrons (anion)

what molecules function as both an acid & base?

H2O, OH-, NH3

conjugate base

everything that remains of the acid molecule after a proton is lost

conjugate acid

formed when the proton is transferred to the base

strong acids

HCL, HBr, HI, HCLO4, H2SO4, HNO3,

strong bases

Group I hydroxides

SERI (ranking acidity)

size, electronegativity, resonance, inductive effect

ether

Alkyne

Benzene

Alkyl Halide