Exam 3 - Chapters 10 & 4 - Motivation & Developing Through the Life Span

Clemson, PSYC 2010, Section 7, Mary Taylor, Exam 3

Cannon-Bond Theory

Theory of Emotion: Physical and emotional experience occurs simultaneously.

James-Lange Theory

Theory of Emotion: Physical symptoms of emotions emerge first, then the affect or emotional experience occurs.

Schacter-Singer Theory

Theory of Emotion: Physical arousal and attributing the arousal to an emotional cause are important.

Physical Expression of Emotions

Fake expressions use different muscles and last too long

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Certain facial expressions become linked to a given mood, “the face produces the feeling”

Matsumoto

Studied blind and sighted athletics and found that expression of emotions was similar across groups, and that the source of emotional expression maybe innate to some extent.

Amygdala

Processes Emotion

Frontal Cortex

Regulates the primitive response of emotion

Mirror Neurons

Neurons in the brain that fire when we observe other people’s actions; involved in empathy. EX: Primates who observed humans eating a peanut showed the same neural response as when they are eating one.

Right Prefrontal Cortex

Specialized for negative emotions (escape)

Left Prefrontal Cortex

Specialized for positive emotions (apporach)

Instinct Theory

Genetically predisposed behaviors lead to behavior (e.g., maternal instincts), often takes a fixed pattern and is unlearned

Drive Reduction Theory

Physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates the satisfaction of the need, pulled by incentives; theory works well for basic biological needs

Drive Reduction Theory Diagram

Need → Drive → Drive-Reducing behavior

(food, water) → (hunger, thirst) → (eating, drinking)

Arousal Theory

Performance on tasks depends on an optimum level of arousal. The best level of arousal to produce maximum performance depends on task complexity or difficulty.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Arousal Theory: Shows the relationship between task complexity, arousal, and performance. Without knowing how difficult a task is, you would predict that moderate arousal leads to optimal performance. While this is true, difficult tasks require lower arousal for best performance. Too much arousal leads to poorer performance on complex tasks. Simple tasks require higher levels of arousal for best performance.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Lower-level needs need to be met before moving up in pyramid, newer research refutes this; more than one need is active at one time

Hierarchy of Needs Chart

Self-Actualization → Esteem → Love & Belonging → Safety Needs → Physiological Needs

Achivement Motivation

Desire for significant accomplishments, mastering skills or ideas, attainment of high standards, self-discipline better indicated of school performance than IQ

Anorexia Nervousa

Lower than normal body weight, preoccupation with calories, exercise, and restriction of diet, leads to serious disorders, including cardiac disorders, highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder, has a substantial psychological element, low self esteem, perfectionism, and distorted body image.

Basal Metabolism Rate

The body’s resting rate of energy output

Bulimia

Alternation of binging and purging, typically normal or slightly above normal body weight, has a substantial psychological element

Glucose

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Leptin

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Ostracism

Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Weight Set Point

Weight your body naturally maintains, due in part to genetically programmed Basal Metabolism Rate and Leptin, a hormone regulating appetite

Secure

Attachment in Infants: A healthy, deep emotional bond with care giver, e.g., a baby cries when the mother leaves a room and is happy when she returns

Avoidant

Attachment in Infants: Insecure: Doesn’t care about the mother

Anxious/Ambivalent

Attachment in Infants: Insecure: Mixed reaction; for example, the baby reaches its arms out but then hits the mother

Ainsworth Strange Situation

A baby sits in a playroom with their mother. The mother leaves the room for a minute and then returns. The reaction of the child when the mother leaves & returns determines the type of attachment.

Agape

Lee’s Love Styles: Unselfish. The main characteristic of this type of love is concern for the needs and wants of your partner. Ex: compromising on the place you and your partner live after college

Eros

Lee’s Love Styles: Romantic, Idealized love. Ex, a belief that destiny brought you and your soul mate together

Ludus

Lee’s Love Styles: Game playing. Ex: Seeing how many partners you can date and maintain at the same time

Mania

Lee’s Love Styles: Possessive. Ex: telling your partner that if they leave you, you’ll call their friends to try to get back together with them (irrational process is at the heart of mania)

Pragma

Lee’s Love Styles: Love that is oriented toward providing practical support for the partner. Ex: if your partner brought soup when you were ill

Storge

Lee’s Love Styles: Affectionate, a deep care and concern for your partner

Secure

Attachment in Adults: You feel comfortable with your partner and believe the relationship will last

Avoidant

Attachment in Adults: Insecure: You do not want to become too close or committed to a partner

Anxious/Ambivalent

Attachment in Adults: Insecure: You may feel attracted to a partner, but you send mixed signals about your feelings toward them

Passion

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory of Love: Excitement about your relationship and your partner (peaks early in the relationship and declines further on in the relationship)

Intimacy

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory of Love: Feeling that you can trust your partner (continues to increase throughout relationship)

Commitment

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory of Love: Monogamy and/or a clear investment in one partner (continues to increase throughout relationship)

Zygote

Fertilized Egg → 2 Weeks

Embryo

2 Weeks Through the 2nd Month or Through 8 Weeks

Fetus

9 Weeks Until Birth

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Prenatal Influences on the Infant: Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head, and abnormal facial features

Teratogens

Prenatal Influences on the Infant: Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Rooting

Reflexes: Turning the head toward an object that touches the cheek, which then influences the sucking reflex

Stepping

Reflexes: Putting feet into stepping motion before the baby can walk

Moro/Startle

Reflexes: Throwing out the hands and arching back after the baby is startled

Babinski

Reflexes: When the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe and the big toe moves upward while the other toes spread outward

Early Communication

Babies are interested in content-oriented words rather than prepositions

Schema (don’t need to know for exam)

Concept or mental model that organizes and interprets information

Assimilation

Leads to errors, when we’re learning language, we incorrectly interpret info according to existing Schema

Accommodation

Leads to more refined categories, adapt current understanding to include new info

Sensorimotor

Piaget: Cognitive Development: Birth → 2 years. Object Permanence: when a toddler realizes that object exist even when they can’t be seen

Pre-Operational

Piaget: Cognitive Development: 2 → 7 years. Egocentrism: only being able to see the world through your own perspective

Concrete Operational

Piaget: Cognitive Development: 7 → 12 years. Conservation: knows objects can change shape without changing mass or volume

Formal Operational

Piaget: Cognitive Development: 12 → Adulthood, more logical, abstract though develops along with moral reasoning

Preconventional

Kohlberg’s Theory of Morality: (Before Age 9 or in Morally Underdeveloped Adults) Self-Interest → If I don’t get caught, I’ll do it, regardless of consequences of others

Conventional

Kohlberg’s Theory of Morality: (Early Adolescence) Uphold rules to gain social approval

Postconventional

Kohlberg’s Theory of Morality: (Adolescence +) Self-defined ethics - follow laws as long as they don’t compromise others’ rights; own sense of right and wrong

Induction

Parent appeals to child’s own abilities, empathy, and sense of responsibility

Power Assertion

Threats and punishments

Amygdala

Active when emotional response in taking place

Frontal Lobes

Being reorganized which causes more emotional and impulsive behavior

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to solve new problems

Crystallized Intelligence

Body of knowledge that accumulates over time

Longitudinal Studies

Research that follows and retests the same people over time

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement