European History: test 2

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician (Vienna) whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

early 20th century

Haussmannization

term for civil construction done by Hausmann who worked to develop paris employed by Napoleon the 3. Public works program. taking down old medevil buildings, beautifiying paris. made it so some streets were wider (worse for baricading

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican (Bismarck vs Catholicism). Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies. 1871-1878

Impressionism

Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful. brush srokes, light. from paris, not well reveved initially, degas, monet

Jugendstil// art nouveau

"Youth Style" German Art Nouveau - Birth of Modernist Design curvy features late 19th to early 20th century

German Expressionism

German expressionism was an early twentieth century German art movement that emphasized the artist's inner feelings or ideas over replicating reality, and was characterized by simplified shapes, bright colors and gestural marks or brushstrokes. Later works inspired by ww1. sometimes looked like childrens drawings

WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union)

a women-only political movement and leading militant organization campaigning for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1917. ran by Emmeline Pankhurst

Emmeline Pankhurst

(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union. WSPU

Alliance System

A formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense. Not heavily practiced before ww1, countries would more often betray each other for advantages, weak bonds.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schlieffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate. New-ish, used in previous wars to lesser degree, was primary method in WW1

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans: occupation, big reparations, coal, land taken...

Käthe Kollwitz

German artist known for her poignant works depicting the effects of war and loss on society, particularly during World War I. (made that statue of the mourning parents) (autobiographical) work depicted the effects of poverty, hunger and war on the working class. Expressionist

February Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

October Revolution

Bolsheviks led by Leon Trotsky and Lenin claimed power in name of the soviets and proclaimed a full-scale revolution with support of workers and troops (1917)

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

dictatorship of/over the proletariat

Idea that dictatorship would be necessary for communist government to operate in early years, temporary “transition period”. ended up being continued by Stalin after Lenin’s death (he didn’t want it to be indefinite)

Russian Civil War

Following the October revolution.1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union under dictatorship with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

First Five Year Plan

(1928-1932) Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry. Involved collectivization of farm land (not as successful as Stalin wished resistance—>shortages/ famines) seizing of Kulaks’ land

Collectivization

started with first 5yr plan (1928-.32) system in which private farms were eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Stakhanovites

An important example of Soviet propaganda used to exemplify the ultimate Soviet citizen, stress meeting one's quota for the government. Named after worker who worked so hard he was rewarded for it. name for people who do the same after the fact who were Mythologized and rewarded

White Army (Russian Civil War)

Fought against soviets/reds (lost). Included military officials, Middle class, landowners/lords, (very ununified)