induced demand: modes and policies

congestion framing

goal of reducing traffic delay, indicated by peak-hour speed, often by widening the road or adding lanes

accessibility framing

goal of job and service access without a car, indicated by what is reachable within a certain time, often by building transit, changing land use, and encouraging active travel

goals

balance between broad and specific, qualitative statement about the objective

indicators

quantitative measures of progress

targets

specific desired endpoints made by using indicators

since traffic is not water in a pipe, new traffic comes from

triple convergence discussed previously

carrots

rewards/positive incentives e.g. better transit and biking, walkability, fare reductions

sticks

punishments/negative incentives e.g. congestion, tolls, parking pricing and supply, reallocating road space, lower speed limits, car-free zones

both carrots and sticks needed because

the charge protects the gains (sticks’ revenue funds carrots)

HOV and HOT lanes

price people out, temporarily relieve congestion on general lanes but will just come back

differences in amounts of walking are not mainly from distance, but from

the environment to walk through

walking more dangerous in North America because of

higher, heavier vehicles; cheaper gas; wider, faster roads

differences in behavior are due to

differences in public policies