Race and Ethinicy Quiz 3

What is a rejecter?

strongly reject the idea that the United States should be defined as a Christian nation and generally support a clearer separation between Christianity and government.

What is a Resister?

generally oppose Chrsitian nationalisms but hold somewhat more mixed views than rejecters. They may accept some connections between Christianity and American public life while resisting the idea that the nation should be explicity Christian

What is a Accommodator?

generally accept Christian nationalist ideas, though less consistently or strongly than Ambassadors. They tend to support giving Christiantiy a privileged place in American identity and public life

What is an ambassador?

most strongly embrace Christian nationalism. They are the most likely to see the United States as fundamentally Christian and to support government recognition and promotion of Christian identity, symbols, and values.

Which statement best describes Barnes’s argument about the 1920s Ku Klux Klan in Arkansas?

The Klan gained influence by connecting whiteness, Protestant, Christianity, morality and national belonging within the idea of “One Hundred Percent Americanism.”

______________ provides a radicalized framework for deciding who belongs to the nation and who can be constructed as a threat to it.

White Christian nationalism

Barnes asks us to understand the 1920s Klan as a _______?

Mass social, political, religious, and racial organization.

True or false: Participants did not conceal their identities; women and children participated alongside men.

True

How widespread was the Klan in Arkansas?

20%, 75,000 Klansmen out of 350,000 eligible men

Who joined the Klan?

Mayors, sheriffs, judges, school officials, future elected officials, etc.

What was the “typical” Arkansas Klansman?

White Protestant man, often businessman, professional, or relatively prosperous farmer.

What four main things did the Klan want for the ideal “One Hundred Percent Americanism”?

1. Christian Nation

2. Racial Nation

3. Nativist Nation

4. Moral Order

What do the very different “outsiders” supposedly threaten in common towards the Klan?

Group in power and against what the Klan believes in

What did the Klan present itself as a defender of?

Law, morality, and social order

Why study the 1920s Klan?

Because organizations can disappear while cultural scripts persist.

In the 1920s what does it mean to be “One Hundred Percent American”

Protestant nation, racial and religious outsiders, immigration restriction, and traditional social order

According to Whitehead + Perry which statement best captures the relationship between Christian nationalism and religiosity?

They overlap but can have different relationships with attitudes toward racial and religious outsiders.

The “Christianity” of Christian nationalism is as ______ and ____ as it is religious.

Political and ethnic

What is Christian Nationalism?

A cultural framework that fuses Christianity with American civic life

The thesis that Black children receive signals from both White and Black communities that lead them to reject schooling as a route to success is called:

Oppositional culture

______ refers to persistent disparity in academic performance and educational attainment between different groups of students

Achievement gap

______ is sorting students into different courses or academic pathways.

Tracking

______________ judgements and expectations that influence who is seen as suited for advanced work

Academic profiling

Which capital is this: ________ is knowledge, practices, and styles that schools recognize and reward.

Cultural capital

Which capital is this: ________ relationships that provide information, support, or access.

Social capital

What is De jure segregation?

Racial separation required or authorized by law (Jim Crow Laws, government-enforced school assignments)

What is De facto segregation?

Racial separation that exists without an explicit legal requirement. (Residential segregation, policies that reproduce racial separation)

Who made desegregation happen?

Black families, students, and local NAACP organizers demanded access—and bore the risks of enforcement

______ is postponing desegregation through legal and administrative strategies

Delay

______ is defending White authorities’ power to determine when and how change occurred.

Local control

_____ is blaming federal officials and civil rights organizers for creating the crisis

Outsiders

What is the difference between massive resistance and white moderation?

Massive resistance is preserve segregation and White control, White moderation is preserving stability and existing power

Which of the following is this: Individualized school assignments

Pupil placement

Which of the following is this: attendance zones and district lines

School boundaries

Which of the following is: unequal access to neighborhoods and schools

Residential segregation

According to Anderson, how did Little Rock’s White moderates contribute to persistent racial inequality after Brown v Board of education?

Promoted seemingly race-neutral policies, such as pupil placement laws, that allowed racial discrimination to continue

According to Warikoo (2025) how?

Justified affirmative action through education of racial diversity for an student

_____ disputes over what equality means and reshape what equality policy does.

Continuity

What is representation?

An interpretation or explanation of racial meanings and identities

What is redistribution?

An effort to organize or distribute resources along racial lines

What is the difference between formal equality and substantive equality?

Formal is applying the same rules to everyone, substantive is attending to unequal starting conditions and institutional barriers

_____ is a word, image or symbol, whereas ___ is the concept associated with it.

Signifier and signified

What is Race-conscious?

Achieving equality requires addressing historical and ongoing racial inequalities.

What is race-neutral?

Achieving equality requires treating individuals without regard to race.

Who believed that advances toward racial justice may become possible when they converge interests of more powerful groups?

Derrick Bell

Which two political campaigns framed prohibiting racial preferences as protecting civil rights?

California Proposition 209 and Michigan referendum

According to Mills et. Al (2023) which of the following best describes relationship between race, SES, and school accountability ratings in AR?

Schools with higher percentages of Black and low-income

What is tracking?

Institutions sort people into categories with unequal opportunities

What is Color-blind institutional rules?

Policies can omit racial language while operating within racially unequal settings