Unit 1 AP Euro test

Italian Renaissance

• Renaissance started in Italy in the 14th century

• Humanism, individualism, and classicalism were all emerging ideas.

Northern Renaissance

• Social reform based on uniting classical ideas with Christian ideas

• Patrons: the Catholic Church, wealthy merchants, and monarchs.

Renaissance

• Cultural and intellectual period of “Rebirth”

• Approx. 1400s-1700s

Humanism

• Focusing on human potential

• Value of studying literature and philosophy - well rounded individuals

• Secular ideas

Christian Humanism

A philosophical and religious tradition that unites Christian faith with a strong emphasis on human dignity, individual freedom, and the value of human culture

Civic Humanism

Good citizens participate in the state and public affairs, serve the state

Secularism

Growing focus on worldly, non-religious subjects and human centered interests, instead of purely religious or spiritual matters

Individualism

Focus on personal rather than religious interests

Naturalism

Artist observed the natural world more closely, they wanted to imitate nature

Perspective

• A geometric system that allows artists to create a realistic illusion of three-dimensional depth

• Instead of 2-D images

Patronage

• Wealthy individuals, rulers, and institutions paid for works of art

• Ex. Medici family in Florence and Church

Machiavelli

• 16th century

• Wanted a Republic

• Machiavelli believes that a ruler should use any means necessary to achieve political unity and independence

• He said that a ruler should be fear rather than loved

• Wrote “The Prince”

Castiglione

An Italian author of “The Book of the Courtier”, a guide to lead the ideal qualities and conduct of a Renaissance noble

Petrarch

• “Father of Humanism”

• One of the earliest humanists

• Discovered Letters to Atticus by Cicero

  • Saw that Ancient Rome had a republic where the people have a say in the government

Pico della Mirandola

• 1500s

• An Italian Renaissance philosopher famous for writing the Oration on the Dignity of Man, often called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance"

• Celebrated human free will, self-determination, and the potential to shape one's own destiny - humanism

Erasmus

• “Prince of Northern Humanists”

• Wrote “Praise of Folly”

• Believes in educational and religious reform

• Education was the key to moral and intellectual development

• He took ideas from the Renaissance and reformed religiously

• Christian humanist

Michelangelo

• Paid by government to sculpt “David” - biblical - splendor of human form

• Sistine chapel painting in Vatican - commissioned by Pope

• Focuses on scenes from the Biblical book of genesis

Leonardo da Vinci

• Studied nature, conducted experiments and dissected human bodies for structure

• Mona Lisa and Last Supper

Raphael

• Many paintings of Virgin Mary

• Commissioned by Pope to paint a series of frescoes in Vatican palace

• School of Athens - geometric perspective and depicted ancient philosophers

Brunelleschi

• An Italian architect, engineer, and artist (in Renaissance)

• Linear perspective - 3D

Bruegel (the Elder)

• 16th century

• Flemish Northern Renaissance painter and printmaker

• Scenes of everyday peasant life

Alberti

• 15th century

• Italian Renaissance mathematician, architect, and art theorist

• Best known for writing about linear perspective

• He wrote “De Pictura” and De Statua”

• Founder of cryptographyy

Lorenzo Valla

• 15th century

• Itallian Renaissance humanist, philosopher, and Catholic priest

• Exposed historical forgeries (ex. Donation of Constantine saying that the king gave power to the church - most likely forged by Church - shows corruption)

Gutenberg

• 1400-1468 (1400s)

• Created the printing press - moveable type

• Gutenberg Bible = First mass-produced bible

• Printing rapidly expanded become a major industry in Europe
  
  

Vernacular

The everyday language spoken by ordinary people in a particular region or country, as opposed to Latin or other classical languages

Literacy

• Printing → increase in literacy

• Literate middle class begins to develop

• Religious aspects of literacy

New Monarchies

• European states had been continuing to disintegrate, and then recovery set in

• Centralized power in monarchy

• Also called Renaissance sates

• Esp. France, England, and Spain

Centralization

• Middle Ages- Shift away from Feudalism → Judges and laws

• Hundred Years War → Better tax systems and standing armies

• New monarchies

Tax collection

• Decentralized local customs, church tithes, and private “tax farming”

• Example”

  • Tithe - Church required people to pay → to support church

Ferdinand & Isabella

• Married rulers of Spain (dynastic union)

• Unify Spain

• Re-organize royal army

• Made Spain a supreme power

• Sponsors of Columbus's voyage to the New World

Henry VII

• Creates the Tudor Dynasty

• Royal Council controls government

• Star chamber - dealt with aristocrats and took power away from nobility

• Stable and prosperous government in England

• Father of Henry VIII

Henry VIII

• Break with catholic church → Anglican (English) Church

• English reformation

Spanish Inquisition

• A brutal judicial institution established in 1478 by Ferdinand and Isabella

• It was meant to enforce religious uniformity and consolidate royal power in Spanish

Concordat of Bologna

• A 1516 agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X

• Allowed the pope to collect all the income that the Catholic Church made in France and gave Francis I direct control over French catholic leaders

Compass

• Always points north

• Aided in directional location

Portolan charts

• Detailed charts (early maps)

• 13th and 14th centuries

• Still not super advanced

• Gave ship captain's more accurate information about locations and distances

Astrolabe

• Determine where sailors were at sea, based on altitude of sun/stars above horizon

• Used to navigate open ocean with no landmarks

Lateen sail

• Triangle instead of square

• Made by Arab sailors

• A lot more flexibility for sailing regardless of wind direction

Prince Henry the Navigator

• Lead Portuguese in systematically exploring to increase oversea trade

• He wanted to spread Christianity and get gold, ivory, and slaves

Christopher Columbus

• 1492 → Columbus sailed the ocean blue

• Sponsored by Spain

• In search of spices and gold

• Mistakes the Caribbean for India

Vasco da Gama

• He rounded the cape of storms and renamed it the Cape of Good Hope

• He then explored the coast of East Africa

• He eventually sailed to the south east coast of India by crossing the in the ocean and there in Calicut, he acquired valuable spices

Treaty of Tordesillas

• A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal

• Mediated by the pope

• Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between them along a Meridian and the Atlantic Ocean

Encomienda system

Spanish colonial system that granted colonist the right to demand labor or tribute from indigenous people in exchange for providing them with protection and religious instruction

Bartolomé de las Casas

• A 16th-century Spanish Dominican friar, historian, and the first official "Protector of the Indians"

• Spent his life fighting against the brutal abuse of Indigenous peoples by Spanish colonizers

Luxury goods

Gold/silver (bullion) and spices

Columbian Exchange

• Massive movement of people (slaves), plants (tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes), animals (cows, horses), and disease (smallpox) between Europe, Africa, and the New World

Disease

• When European explorers arrived in the Americas, they brought diseases

• The indigenous people in the Americas had not built up immunity to these new diseases, so it killed a lot of the native populations

• Estimated that there was about a 50 to 90%

• Ex. smallpox and measles, smallpox most prominent

Price Revolution

• (15th - 17th century)

• Inflation is high

• Surge in price for all commodities → lower quality of life

• The poor get poorer and the rich get richer

• Higher population + influx of wealth

Transatlantic slave trade

• Disease and mistreatment

• Most slaves died on the way to the New World

• Ruined African communities - more than 10 million slaves brought to the New World

Middle Passage

• Part of Triangular Trade

• Inhumane transport of enslaved Africans

• Thousands of slaves died in the transport

Asiento

A monopoly contract issued by the Spanish Crown in 1518 granting a merchant, company, or foreign nation the exclusive right to supply enslaved Africans to Spanish American colonies

Caribbean plantations

• Large farms that usually grow a single cast crab like sugar, tobacco cotton

• They needed large workforce, so Portuguese used slaves

• The sugar and coffee exported made Portugal very rich

Commercial Revolution

A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that lasted from roughly the 11th or 13th century until the mid-18th century

Double-entry bookkeeping

Type of accounting were both sides of each transaction is tracked in a ledger

Joint-stock company

• Business venture

• Many investors bought stocks, or shares, in a company

• Many investors buy stocks so the risk is distributed

• Investors would receive dividends, which is the profit of their investment

Mercantilism

• Economic belief during the time that trade = wealth

• The more trade the better it was for a country economically

• Valued countries based on how much bullion they had

• Exports > imports

• World is like a pie, some get more wealth, some get less, and the only way to get more is to take it from others

Dutch East India Company

• aka VOC

• Strong monopoly - equivalent of Amazon today

• Had elaborate trade routes and ports in Asia

• Formed in 1602 to finance Dutch trade in Asia

• Joint-stock company

Enclosure movement

• Act that forced publicly owned lands to private lands

• Individual ownership/titles of sections of farm land

Freehold tenure

Freehold tenure means you own both the property and the land it sits on outright for an indefinite period

Urbanization

• Peasant revolts against landlords + enclosure acts + commercial opportunities → urbanization

• With so many people moving to cities, there was overcrowding

Migration

• Non-guild migrants in cities → challenge, merchant, elite, and craft guilds for power

• With more people migrating the cities, population density increased, which was difficult for lower classes

Three-field crop rotation

• 2/3 of land always in use, 1/3 is letting soil recover nutrients

• Planting crops in different fields at different times solve the problem of soil exhaustion, and it led the bigger harvests

Consumer Revolution

A historical period from roughly 1600 to 1750 in Europe and the American colonies, marked by a massive increase in the consumption and variety of luxury and manufactured goods

Serfdom

• 4 tiers: Monarch - Lords - Knights - Serfs

• Serfs (peasants) had to live on Lord’s land and do all the labor in exchange for a share of the produce, a place to stay, and protection.

• Lived in the manor system

Amsterdam

• A major commercial and financial hub in Europe during the 17th century

• Known for its trade, banking, and as the center of the Dutch Golden Age

Nobles of The Robe

French aristocrats, whose status came from holding judicial or administrative offices, rather than from military service or hereditary titles

Capitalism

• Economic system

• Private ownership of the means of production

• Example, examples of capitalism that emerged in the 15th century include:

  • Entrepreneurs, joints, stock companies, and urban financial centers

Urban Financial Centers

• Most significant = Genoa, Amsterdam, and London

• As banking and finance changed, new markets emerged in urban financial centers

• Bankers in these centers that could make deals throughout Europe

Planter Society

• Owners of plantations that used a large workforce to grow crops

• Members of planter societies organized, and profited from the labor

When did each “era” begin?

• Middle Ages → 5th century AD

• Renaissance → 14th century (1300s) - began in Italy

• Age of Exploration → Early 15th century (1400s)

• Commercial Revolution → 11th century (the 1000s)

When was the shift in power in Europe and what was the shift?

• Late 15th century

• Mediterranean → Atlantic

What are the West Indies?

The Caribbean