Macromolecules and Lipids Lecture Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering macromolecules, polymerization, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, and lipids based on the lecture transcript.

Giant molecules found in living cells that are made from thousands of smaller molecules are called __________.

macromolecules

The process of building large compounds by joining smaller units together is known as __________.

polymerization

Small individual units that act as building blocks in polymerization are called __________.

monomers

The large molecules formed when monomers link together are called __________.

polymers

Biochemists classify macromolecules into four main categories based on chemical makeup: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and __________.

Proteins

Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of __________.

$$1 : 2 : 1$$

Single sugar molecules that serve as the basic building blocks of carbohydrates are called __________.

monosaccharides

Glucose, galactose (found in milk), and fructose (found in fruits) are all examples of __________.

monosaccharides

A compound made by joining two simple sugars together is called a __________.

disaccharide

Ordinary table sugar, known as sucrose, consists of glucose and __________ joined together.

fructose

A process where monomers join together without any changes occurring within their molecules is called __________ polymerization.

addition

A process where monomers join together and release a small molecule, which is often water, is called __________ polymerization.

condensation

Condensation reactions are also called __________ reactions because a water molecule is lost during the process.

dehydration

The opposite of a dehydration reaction, where water is added to break down a polymer back into monomers, is a __________ reaction.

hydrolysis

Simple sugar molecules attached to larger protein molecules that act like cellular ID tags to help cells interact are called __________.

glycoproteins

Glycoproteins allow sperm to recognize egg cells during fertilization, help fetuses avoid maternal immune attacks, and help white blood cells identify __________ tissues.

infected

The large macromolecules formed from many monosaccharides joined together are called __________.

polysaccharides

The polysaccharide known as "animal starch" that animals use to store excess sugar and supply energy for muscle contraction is __________.

glycogen

The polysaccharide used specifically by plants to store excess sugar is __________.

starch

A tough, flexible polysaccharide fiber that gives plants their strength and rigidity, making up the major component of wood and paper, is __________.

cellulose

A large and varied group of biological molecules made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms that are generally not soluble in water are __________.

lipids

Common categories of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids like __________.

hormones

Living things use lipids to store energy, form parts of biological membranes, create waterproof coverings, and serve as __________ messengers.

chemical

Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called __________ acids.

fatty

A lipid whose fatty acid chains contain only single carbon-carbon bonds, giving them the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms, is a __________ lipid.

saturated

A lipid that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its fatty acid chain is an __________ lipid.

unsaturated

A lipid whose fatty acids contain more than one carbon-carbon double bond is a __________ lipid.

polyunsaturated

Lipids containing unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil, corn oil, and canola oil, tend to be __________ at room temperature.

liquid